Chem- chap 8 & 9

Bond (intermolecular)

Holds atoms together

Ex: Ionic, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent

Force (intermolecular)

Attraction between molecules

Ex: dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, dispersion

Nonpolar covalent

Electrons are shared equally

Example: O2, CH4

Rule: 0 - 0.4

Polar covalent

Electrons are shared unequally

Ex: H2O, HCL

Rule: 0.5 - 1.7

Ionic

Higher than 1.7

If the shape is symmetrical?

Cancels out and it’s nonpolar

If the shape is assymetrical?

Polar

London forces dispersion

Present in all molecules

Only force in nonpolar molecules

Ex: CH4

If nonpolar- dispersion only

Dipole- dipole

Between polar molecules

Ex: HCl

Rule: polar molecule - has dipole-dipole

Hydrogen bonding

H is bonded to N, O or F

Ionic interactions

Between ions (full charges)

Strongest attraction

Ex: na+ and cl-

Solids

Shape

Volume

Boyle’s Law

Pi Vi = Pf Vf

Charles Law

Avogrado’s law

Gay lussac’s

Ideal gas law