Cell Communication AP Classroom

True or false, cells can send chemical signals directly into adjacent cells

True

___________&_________________modifications Allow for communication to occur between adjacent cells

Cell membrane and cell wall modifications

Structures that allow plant cells to communicate with each other

Plasmodesma

Structures that allow animal cells to communicate with each other

Gap junctions

Cells use____________ Signals to communicate over short and long distances

Chemical

The cell receiving the signal is referred to as the_____________

Target cell

What is the target cell doing?

Receiving the signal

In short distance communication, cells send out________________

Local regulators ( or signals)

In short distance communication, Target cell its within a short distance of the___________(local signaling)

Signal

What type of communication is often used to communicate with the cells of the SAME type

Short distance communication

In long-distance communication, the target cell is not in the same area as the_____________

Cell emitting the signal

__________________________ is often used to signal cells of another time

Long-distance communication

Immune cells communicate through...

Cell to cell contact

B cell activation is triggered by the binding of specific_________________________ to the____________________

Antigens, B cell receptor

Neurotransmitters communicate using_____________

Local regulators

Exocytotic vesicles release...

Signals

Signals involving neurotransmitters travel short distances across small gaps between neurons which enables the signal to attach to the...

Target cell

A hydrophilic peptide hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. The hormone targets specific cells in many parts of the body.

Explain a possible mechanism that would enable the hormone to efficiently reach all of the target cells in the body

The hormone is released into the bloodstream where it can be transported to all cells with the correct receptors

Signal transduction pathways link____________with ___________

Signal reception with cellular responses

Three stages of cell communication

reception, transduction, response

Detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell

Reception

Converting a signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response

Transduction

Specific cellular response to the signal molecule

Response

Many signal transduction pathways include__________&____________

Protein modification and phosphorylation cascades

How do you regulate protein synthesis

Turning on/off genes in the nucleus

True or false, you can regulate the activity of proteins in the cytoplasm

True

__________Of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules

Cascades

True or false, phosphorylation cascades enhance and amplify the signal

True

Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a_____________________,by a receptor protein in a target cell

Ligand

The________________Of a receptor recognizes the specific chemical messenger, which can be a peptide, a small chemical, or a protein, in a specific one to one relationship

Ligand binding domain

Ligand binding domain of a receptor recognizes a specific Chemical messenger, which can be:___________,____________,or_______________ in a specific one to one relationship

A peptide, a small chemical, a protein

Example of a receptor protein in eukaryotes

G protein coupled receptors

G protein coupled receptors are an example of a receptor protein in what type of cell?

Eukaryotes

Signaling Cascades relay signals from___________to____________

Receptors to target cells

Signaling Cascades often amplify the incoming signals, resulting in cell responses which could include_________,___________,or_________

Cell growth, secretion of molecules, gene expression

After the ligand binds, the intracellular domain of a receptor protein changes shape, initiating_____________Of the signal

Transduction

_____________ (such as cyclic AMP)Are molecules that relay and amplify the intracellular signal

Second messengers

Binding of ligand to ligand gated channels can cause the channel to...

Open or close

Describe the component that metformin Represents in a signal transduction pathway that regulates glucose production in the liver

It is a ligand that activates the signal transduction pathway of the activation of AMPK

Cells use signal transduction pathways to link_____________ with________

Signal reception with cellular response

The role of protein modification in signal transduction pathways is to cause a___________Due to the ligand binding

Confirmational shape change

A confirmational shape change due to ligand binding causes an intracellular response which causes a________To be activated

Second messenger

The environment is not static, and organisms need to regulate____________To respond to changes in the environment

Pathways

The ability to respond to_________Is characteristic of life and necessary for survival

Stimuli

Signal transduction may result in changes in_____________&______________

Gene expression and cell function

Signaling pathways can target______________And alter the amount and/or type of a particular protein produced in a cell

Gene expression

Changes in protein type and/or amount can result in a_________change

Phenotypic

Apoptosis can be the response of a____________

Signal transduction

___________Is a signal mechanism used by bacteria

Quorum sensing

Quorum sensing is used to detect changes in______

Population density

Justify the claim that differences in components of cell signaling pathways explain the different responses to epinephrine

Cell signaling depends on the ability to detect a signal molecule. Not all cells have receptors for epinephrine. Only cells with such receptors are capable of responding

Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter...

Cellular response

______In any domain of the receptor proteins or in any component of the signaling pathway may affect the downstream components by altering the subsequent transduction of the signal

Mutations

____________That interfere with any component of the signaling pathway may activate or inhibit the pathway

Chemicals

Which of the following best predicts the effect of a loss of function of the insulin receptor's intracellular domain

The number of GLUT4 molecules in the plasma membrane will increase

Organisms use__________To maintain their internal environment and respond to environmental changes

Feedback mechanisms

Feedback mechanisms are processes used to maintain homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a___________ to an event

Cellular response

Negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis for a particular condition by regulating___________

Physiological processes

If a system is Disrupted, negative feedback mechanisms can return the system back to its______

Target setpoint

_________Mechanisms amplify responses and processes in biological organisms

Positive feedback

______ Occurs when the stimulus is further activated, which, in turn, initiates an additional response that produces system change

Amplification

If a person travels from sea level to a high elevation location, Predict the response to the decreased blood oxygen level

More erythropoietin will Secreted from the kidneys, increasing production of erythrocytes

Sounds like a consists of_____. Highly regulated processes

2

What are the two highly regulated processes of the cell cycle

Interphase, M phase

Mphase consists of_______&______

Mitosis, cytokinesis

Stage of interphase for cell growth

G1

Stage of interphase for copying DNA

S

Stage of interphase in which the cytoplasmic components are doubled in preparation for division

G2

Mitosis plays a role in_______,________and_______

Growth, tissue repair, asexual reproduction

Mitosis ensures that transfer of a complete______From a parent cell to two genetically identical daughter cells

Genome

Mitosis alternates with_______In the cell cycle

Interphase

What are the sequential series of steps of mitosis

PMAT

Process that ensures equal distribution of cytoplasm to both daughter cells

Cytokinesis

Cells can enter______ Where Cell division no longer occurs, and a cell can re-enter division with appropriate signals

G0

_____________Cells may exit the cell cycle or be held in a particular stage

Nondividing

The cell cycle is regulated by_____________To make sure that the progression through the cycle is occurring correctly

Internal controls, or checkpoints

What are the three checkpoints

G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M spindle checkpoint

What happens at the M spindle checkpoint

Check for Fiber attachment to chromosome

A group of related proteins associated with specific phases of the cell cycle. Different ones are involved in different stages of the cell cycle, and concentrations can fluctuate depending on cell activity

Cyclins

True or false, cyclins are produced to promote cell cycle progression, and are degraded to inhibit cell cycle progression

True

Cyclins are used to activate_______, which are specific to the cyclins that activate them

Cyclin dependent kinases

A group of enzymes involved in cell cycle regulation that require cyclin binding for activation. They phosphorylate substrates, promoting certain cell cycle activities

Cycling dependent kinases

Disruptions to the cell cycle may result in...

Cancer and or apoptosis

True or false, if there is a change in the DNA in a region coding for one of the proteins needed to regulate the cell cycle, the cell cycle could go on regulated

True

____Is the result of an unregulated cell cycle with uncontrolled cell division

Cancer

There was a mutation in the CDC 15 gene causing cell cycle arrest in Telophase when the yeast cells are incubated at an elevated temperature. Predict the effect of the cell cycle arrest on proliferating yeast cells

Yeast cells will replicate their chromosomes by will fail to complete cytokinesis