Kahoot Final Exam Review: Biology Concepts

Mules are offspring of donkeys and horses, demonstrating that they are distinct species. Which supports this statement?

Mules cannot reproduce with other mules to create fertile offspring

In which scenario would gradual speciation most likely occur?

A large population living in a stable climate

What could be a possible outcome for a tiny population facing new environmental conditions with a small gene pool?

Any beneficial variation becomes the predominant form

What would most likely result from a small population experiencing genetic drift

Introduction of deleterious alleles.

Which factor might prevent an allele with higher fitness from increasing in frequency?

Constraints due to relationships between different polymorphisms.

What is the relationship between genetic variation and a population's ability to adapt to environmental changes?

Greater genetic variation increases the likelihood of adaptation.

What is the main reason for modifying Darwin's "tree of life" model?

To include horizontal gene transfer (HGT).

Which domain includes multicellular organisms?

Eukarya.

Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer?

Two unrelated species exchanging genetic material.

Which of the following is an example of an acellular infectious agent?

Prions.

What is one challenge that virologists face in developing treatment for viral infections?

Viruses can mutate quickly, making it difficult to develop treatment.

How do prions differ from viruses in terms of their infectious nature?

Prions are acellular infectious agents that consist only of proteins.

How do emerging viral diseases pose a challenge to virologists?

They require constant monitoring and update of treatment.

How do acellular infectious agents primarily cause damage to host cells?

By hijacking cellular machinery.

What is the primary function of a viral capsid?

To protect the viral genetic material.

In the context of disease transmission, which of these agents would require a living host for replication?

Viroids.

What gives Euglena its exceptional flexibility?

A tough pellicle composed of protein bands attached to the cytoskeleton.

How does T. brucei avoid the host's immune system?

By changing its surface proteins periodically.

Removal of saprobe species effect

Life would cease to exist as organic carbon became tied up in dead organisms.

Yeast in recombinant DNA technology

Yeast produces and modifies proteins similarly to human cells.

Organism significant in modern genetics

Neurospora crassa.

Primary function of ergot alkaloids

Stop bleeding.

Ferns spore type

Homosporous.

Coal deposits formation

Formed primarily from the remains of tall club mosses, horsetails, and tree-like ferns.

Advantage of sphagnum bogs for bushes

Enhanced moisture retention.

Essential RNA structure

Ribosomal RNA.

Estimating evolutionary distance between DNA sequences

By analyzing their sequence homology.

Difference between monocots and eudicots

Best explained in terms of cotyledon presence.

Monocots

Plants that have one cotyledon.

Eudicots

Plants that have two cotyledons.

Ctenophores

Organisms that may be considered basal or as a sister group of porifera due to the absence of Hox genes.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of coelomates

Lack of body cavity

Analytical methods in phylogenies

Methods that help refine understanding of phylogenetic relationships.

Hemoglobin in nemertean brain

Acts as an oxygen reserve.

Dioecious reproduction

A type of reproduction common in tardigrades.

Sea cucumbers in echinodermata

Some species have hemoglobin containing cells in the coelomic fluid and water in the vascular system.

Chorioallantoic placenta

Allows for gas, fluid, and nutrient exchange between the fetus and mother in eutherian mammals.

Water movement from xylem to phloem

Caused by a decrease in total water potential.

Secondary metabolites

Defend against predators and pathogens.

Lichens

Formed by the symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi.

Homeostasis and blood pH

Determined by comparing pH measures in an animal as it increases its activity level.

Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

Decreases as the percentage of CO increases.

Consequence of small pH change

Can result in severe injury or death.

Wha happens to the blood velocity in capillaries and veins

It increases.

Bone density loss during menopause

Caused by decreased estrogen levels.

Axes of symmetry in animal bodies

Lateral-medial, dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior.

Coral reef ecosystem

Typically does not include guppies.

Savanna biome

Characterized by isolated clumps of trees surrounded by open spaces of grasslands.

Rainforest ecosystem

Characterized by dense plant growth and a great diversity of land animals.

Eutherian mammals

Do not typically lay eggs.

Human evolution study

Can be studied through mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes analysis.

Pneumatophores

Upward growing roots involved in gas exchange.

Fungal partner in lichen

Provides the algal partner with absorbed water and minerals.

Sweating and homeostasis

Cools an animal off in the heat by evaporating.

Universal donor blood type

O negative.

Common symptom during menopause

Hot flashes.

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Assisted reproductive technology that involves combining an egg and sperm outside the body then placing it in the uterus.

Fears of eugenics and "master" races are unfounded and overstated

Bioethicist who argue that we should only deal with existing technologies believe that:

Mutation consequence in organ asymmetry gene

Disruption of the normal position of internal organs.

Tundra biome

Characterized by the presence of permafrost.

Savanna biome with lions and giraffes

A biome where lions and giraffes are likely to be found.

Rainforest species diversity

Exhibits the greatest diversity of species.

Scientists have discovered the bodies of humans and other living things buried in bogs for hundreds of years, but not yet decomposed. Suggest a possible biological explanation for why such bodies are so well-preserved.

Bogs are acidic, low in oxygen, and cold, which slows down the activity of bacteria and enzymes that cause decomposition. The sphagnum moss in bogs also releases compounds that help preserve soft tissues.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of external and internal forms of fertilization?

External fertilization has the advantage of producing many offspring at once with less energy required from each parent. However, it has a lower survival rate because the eggs and sperm are exposed to predators and environmental risks and usually require water to meet.

Internal fertilization increases the chances of offspring survival because the embryo develops inside the parent's body, providing more protection. Its disadvantages include producing fewer offspring and requiring more energy and complex mating behaviors.

How does the lymphatic system work with blood flow?

The lymphatic system helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess fluid (lymph) from tissues and returning it to the bloodstream. It also filters the lymph through lymph nodes to remove pathogens before the fluid re-enters the circulatory system.

Describe the function of these terms and describe where they are located: main bronchus, trachea, alveoli, and acinus.

Trachea: A tube in your neck and chest that carries air from your throat to your lungs.

Main Bronchus: Two large tubes that split from the trachea and carry air into each lung.

Alveoli: Tiny air sacs deep in the lungs where oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide comes out.

Acinus: A small group of alveoli at the end of a tiny airway, where gas exchange happens.

Stomata close in response to bacterial infection. Why is this response a mechanism of defense for the plant? Which hormone is most likely to mediate this response.

Stomata close in response to bacterial infection to prevent pathogens from entering the plant through these opening, which are natural entry points. The hormone most likely to mediate this response is abscisic acid(ABA), which is involved in stress responses, including stomatal closure.