Zoom Live Review Images Diagram | Quizlet

TERM

Retina

DEFINITION

a light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that covers about 65 percent of its interior surface. Photosensitive cells called rods and cones in the ___________ convert incident light energy into signals that are carried to the brain by the optic nerve.

TERM

Fovea

DEFINITION

a tiny pit located in the macula of the retina that provides the clearest vision of all. Only in the ________ are the layers of the retina spread aside to let light fall directly on the cones, the cells that give the sharpest image. (D in diagram)

TERM

Cornea

DEFINITION

The ____________ acts as the eye's outermost lens. It functions like a window that controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye. (B in diagram)

pinna

#1

auditory canal

#9

cochlea

#8

semicircular canals

#6

eardrum

#10 This is a tightly stretched piece of skin at the end of the outer ear. When it moves it bumps into the hammer, anvil and stirrup.

hammer

#3 One of the three bones in the middle ear.

stirrup

#5 One of the three bones in the middle ear. It is the smallest bone in the human body.

anvil

#4 One of the three bones in the middle ear.

Pitch

How high or low a sound is on a musical scale. As frequency increases, pitch goes up.

Cochlea

This is a shell shaped organ, filled with liquid, that changes the vibrations into electrical messages for the brain.

Iris

-ring of muscle tissue that forms color portion

-controls size of pupil opening

Lens

-changes shape to help focus images on the retina (E in diagram)

Blind spot

-point where optic nerve leaves eye creating "blind spot"

-no cell receptors there

Optic nerve

Nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain

Pupil

Adjustable opening in center of eye, light enters here

Frontal Lobe

Involved in speaking and muscle movements, personality, emotions, making plans & judgments

Occipital Lobe

visual input

Temporal Lobe

Auditory Areas (hearing, smell, language comprehension)

Brain Stem

Oldest region, crossover point where nerves connect to the brain

Hypothalamus

controls pituitary gland, regulates thirst

Reward/pleasure center, eating behaviors - link to endocrine system

Pons

sleep/arousal

links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.

Midbrain

a small central part of the brainstem, developing from the middle of the primitive or embryonic brain.

Wernicke's Area

Inability to comprehend speech (Wernicke's what?)

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

forgetting curve

Memory declines quickly at first, then forgetting gradually levels off

positive skew

negative skew

normal distribution

A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

positive correlation

negative correlation

no correlation

Extinction (classical conditioning)

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

Dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

myelin sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

Nodes of Ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath

Shwann cells

Specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS. (E in diagram)

reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

depolarization

The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

continuity

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

Connectedness

spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

similarity

Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.

CT scan

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

MRI

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

PET scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

EEG (electroencephalogram)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

fMRI

A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

variable reinforcement schedule

behavior is reinforced some of the time according to an average number of reinforcements over time

fixed reinforcement schedule

reward after a known number of desired behaviors or fixed amount of time

alarm reaction

First stage of the GAS, during which the body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor.

resistance stage

The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when there are intense physiological efforts to either resist or adapt to the stressor.

exhaustion

A harmful third phase of the stress response, in which stress exceeds the body's ability to recover.

TAT

a projective test in which subjects look at and tell a story about ambiguous pictures

inkblot test

seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the ambiguous images

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

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