Chapter 7 AP

These flashcards cover key concepts about the human skeletal system, including the structure, function, and anatomy of bones and joints.

How many bones are in the human body?

About 206 bones.

What does the skeletal system include?

Bones, joints, and associated supporting tissues.

What are the two major divisions of the skeleton?

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

What does the axial skeleton form?

The body’s longitudinal axis.

What does the axial skeleton encase?

Body cavities and underlying organs.

How many bones make up the skull?

22 bones (8 cranial and 14 facial).

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

33 bones.

How many individual vertebrae protect the spinal cord?

24 vertebrae.

What forms the sacrum and coccyx?

Fused vertebrae.

What makes up the thoracic cage?

12 pairs of ribs, sternum, and part of the vertebral column.

What does the thoracic cage protect?

Lungs, heart, and other thoracic organs.

What bones form the pectoral girdle?

Clavicle and scapula.

What bones make up the upper limb?

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.

What bones form the pelvic girdle?

Two pelvic bones and the sacrum.

What bones make up the lower limb?

Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

What are bone markings?

Surface features that reflect structure-function relationships.

What are depressions in bones used for?

Pathways for vessels/nerves or articulation sites.

What are openings in bones used for?

Passageways for delicate structures.

What are projections on bones used for?

Sites for articulation or attachment of ligaments and tendons.

What is a facet?

A shallow convex/concave surface for articulation.

What is a fossa?

An indentation where another structure fits.

What is a fovea?

A shallow pit.

What are the single cranial bones?

Frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid.

What are the paired cranial bones?

Temporal and parietal.

What are the paired facial bones?

Maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae.

What are the single facial bones?

Mandible and vomer.

What are sutures?

Immovable joints between skull bones.

What are paranasal sinuses?

Air-filled spaces in skull bones around the nasal cavity.

What is the cranial vault?

Superior portion of the cranial cavity.

What is the cranial base?

Inferior portion of the cranial cavity.

What are the three cranial fossae?

Anterior, middle, and posterior.

What does the cranial cavity house?

Brain and special sense organs.

What bones form the orbit?

Frontal, maxilla, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine.

What bones form the nasal cavity?

Sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, maxilla.

What bones form the oral cavity?

Maxillae and mandible.

What is the glabella?

Smooth region between the supraorbital margins.

What is the supraorbital foramen?

Opening for vessels and nerves to the forehead.

What do parietal bones form?

Superior and lateral walls of the cranial vault.

What is the sagittal suture?

Joint between the two parietal bones.

What is the coronal suture?

Joint between parietal and frontal bones.

What is the squamous suture?

Joint between parietal and temporal bones.

What is the lambdoid suture?

Joint between parietal and occipital bones.

What is the foramen magnum?

Large hole in occipital bone for spinal cord passage.

What are occipital condyles?

Articulate with the first cervical vertebra.

What is the external occipital protuberance?

Ridge on posterior occipital bone.

What is the zygomatic process?

Part of the zygomatic arch from the temporal bone.

What is the mandibular fossa?

Articulates with the mandible.

What is the styloid process?

Needle-like spur of bone on the temporal bone.

What is the mastoid process?

Thick projection filled with mastoid air cells.

What is the petrous region?

Internal part of temporal bone forming middle cranial fossa.

What is the internal acoustic meatus?

Canal leading from the inner ear.

What is the jugular foramen?

Passage for internal jugular vein and nerves.

What is the carotid canal?

Passage for internal carotid artery.

What is the foramen lacerum?

Passage for small vessels and nerves.

What is the sella turcica?

Depression in sphenoid bone housing the pituitary gland.

What are the greater wings of the sphenoid?

Form part of middle cranial fossae and orbit walls.

What are the lesser wings of the sphenoid?

Project from superior surface of sphenoid body.

What is the superior orbital fissure?

Slit between sphenoid wings for eye movement nerves.

What are the pterygoid processes?

Inferior projections for muscle attachment.

What is the cribriform plate?

Roof of nasal cavity with olfactory foramina.

What is the crista galli?

Superior projection for brain membrane attachment.

What is the perpendicular plate?

Part of nasal septum.

What are the ethmoidal sinuses?

Hollow spaces in ethmoid bone.

What are the superior and middle nasal conchae?

Curved projections from the ethmoid bone into the nasal cavity.

What do the nasal bones form?

The bridge of the nose.

What do the nasal bones articulate with?

Hyaline cartilages that form most of the nose’s framework.

What are the lacrimal bones?

Small facial bones in the medial wall of the orbit.

What is the lacrimal fossa?

Depression in the lacrimal bone through which tears drain.

What do the zygomatic bones form?

The cheekbone and part of the orbit’s lateral wall.

What bones form the zygomatic arch?

Zygomatic bones and zygomatic processes of the temporal bones and maxillae.

What are the palatine bones?

L-shaped bones forming the posterior hard palate and part of the nasal cavity walls.

What are the two plates of the palatine bones?

Horizontal plates and perpendicular plates.

What is the mandible?

Lower jaw bone and only moveable bone of the adult skull.

What forms the temporomandibular joint?

Mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

What is the mandibular body?

Central portion forming the chin.

What are the mandibular rami?

Right and left branches of the mandible.

What is the mental foramen?

Small opening in the mandibular body for vessels and nerves.

What are dental alveoli?

Deep sockets in the mandible and maxillae that house teeth.

What is the alveolar process?

Ridge containing the dental alveoli.

What is the mandibular notch?

U-shaped notch between coronoid and condylar processes.

What is the coronoid process?

Anterior projection for muscle attachment.

What is the condylar process?

Posterior projection topped by the mandibular condyle.

What are the maxillae?

Superior jaw bones forming the upper jaw and part of the orbit.

What is the anterior nasal spine?

Bony midline projection formed by fusion of the maxillae.

What are the palatine processes of the maxillae?

Horizontal plates forming the anterior part of the hard palate.

What is the intermaxillary suture?

Midline junction of the palatine processes.

What is the infraorbital foramen?

Opening below the orbit for vessels and nerves to the face.

What are the maxillary sinuses?

Large hollow spaces in the maxillae.

What are the inferior nasal conchae?

Curved bones in the lateral nasal cavity, located below the middle nasal.

What is the vomer?

The deepest facial bone; forms the inferior and posterior parts of the nasal septum.

What do the inferior nasal conchae do?

Sit in the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, below the middle nasal conchae.

What bones form the orbit’s walls?

Frontal, maxilla, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, and palatine bones.

What does the orbit house?

Eyeball, lacrimal gland, blood vessels, muscles, and nerves.

What bones form the nasal cavity’s posterior wall?

Sphenoid body and pterygoid processes.

What bones form the nasal cavity’s lateral wall?

Ethmoid, perpendicular plate of palatine, inferior nasal conchae, and maxilla.

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

Palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae.

What forms the anterior wall of the nasal cavity?

Cartilage and connective tissue attached to nasal bones and maxillae.

What forms the nasal septum?

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, and anterior hyaline cartilage.

What bones contain paranasal sinuses?

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.