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Complex definition
A central metal ion surrounded by ligands
Ligands definition
An ion or molecule which forms coordinate bonds with the transitional metal ion by donating a pair of electrons.
Monodentate ligands definition
ligands that form one coordinate bond with a transition metal ion
Bidentate ligands
ligands which form two coordinate bonds with a transition metal ion
Examples of bidentate ligands
1,2-diaminoethane, ethanedioate ions
Multidentate ligands definition
Ligands which form many coordinate bonds to a metal ion
6 coordinate bonds shape
octahedral
4 coordinate bonds shapes
tetrahedral or square planar
When is a square planar compound usually formed?
Usually complexes with no overall charge and platinum complexes
2 coordinate bonds shape
linear
copper (II) compounds colour
blue
iron (II) compounds
green
cobalt (II) compounds
pink
Energy change equation
Change in energy = hv
c, v, wavelength equation
c = v x wavelength
Energy change equation 2
Energy change = hc/wavelength
Colorimetry equation
A (absorbance) = molar absorbance coefficient x path length x concentration
acidity of complexes in solution
Metal ion has a high charge density
Metal ion weakens the O-H bond in water ligands causing H+ ions to be released more easily
Why can vanadium can pulled into thin wires?
As the layers of positive metal ions can slide over each other
Equations of vanadium (V) oxide as catalyst in Contact process
SO2 + V2O5 → SO3 + V2O4
1/2O2 + V2O4 → V2O5
V2+ (aq) ions colour
violet
V3+ (aq) ions colour
green
VO2+ (aq) ions
blue
VO2+ (aq) ions colour
yellow
homogenous catalyst
In the same state as reactants
heterogenous catalyst
In different state to reactants
Chemisorption process
Reactant molecules are adsorbed onto active sites on surface of catalyst
Bonds in reactant molecules weakened
Reactant molecule are held in more favourable conformation for reaction
Products are then desorbed
Catalytic poisoning
Catalyst poisoned by impurities making it ineffective as active sites of catalyst become blocked.
Homogenous autocatalysis definition
When a product in a reaction acts as the catalyst for the reaction
Homogenous autocatalysis reaction (MnO4-)
5C2O42- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ → 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with OH- (aq) product
Fe(H2O)4(OH)2
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with OH- (aq) observation
Green precipitate forms
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with excess OH- (aq) observation
green precipitate remains
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with NH3 (aq) product
Fe(H2O)4(OH)2
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with NH3 (aq) observation
Green precipitate forms
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with excess NH3 (aq)
Green precipitate remains
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with CO32-(aq) product
FeCO3
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with CO32-(aq) observation
Green precipitate forms
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with OH- ions (aq) product
Cu(H2O)4(OH)2
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with OH- ions (aq) observation
Blue precipitate forms
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with excess OH- ions (aq) observation
blue precipitate remains
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with NH3 ions (aq) product
Cu(H2O)4(OH)2
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with excess NH3 ions (aq) product
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with excess NH3 ions (aq) observation
Deep blue solution
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with CO32- ions (aq) product
CuCO3
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with CO32- ions (aq) observation
Blue-green precipitate forms
[Al(H2O)6]3+ with OH- ions (aq) product and observation
Al(H2O)3(OH)3 - white precipitate forms
[Al(H2O)6]3+ with excess OH- ions (aq) product and observation
[Al(OH)4]- - colourless solution
[Al(H2O)6]3+ with NH3 (aq) product and observation
Al(H2O)3(OH)3 - white precipitate forms
[Al(H2O)6]3+ with excess NH3 (aq) observation
white precipitate remains
[Al(H2O)6]3+ with CO32- (aq) product and observation
Al(H2O)3(OH)3 - white precipitate forms and effervescence (CO2 bubbles)
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with OH- ions (aq) product and observation
Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 - brown precipitate forms
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with excess OH- ions (aq) observation
brown precipitate remains
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with NH3 (aq) product and observation
Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 - brown precipitate forms
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with excess NH3 (aq) observation
brown precipitate remains
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with excess CO32- ions (aq) [product and observation
Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 - brown precipitate forms + effervescence (CO2 bubbles)
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ solution colour
Green solution
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ solution colour
Blue solution
[Al(H2O)6]3+ solution colour
colourless solution
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ solution colour
yellow solution