Transitional metals key recall

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Last updated 11:41 AM on 4/7/26
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60 Terms

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Complex definition

A central metal ion surrounded by ligands

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Ligands definition

An ion or molecule which forms coordinate bonds with the transitional metal ion by donating a pair of electrons.

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Monodentate ligands definition

ligands that form one coordinate bond with a transition metal ion

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Bidentate ligands

ligands which form two coordinate bonds with a transition metal ion

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Examples of bidentate ligands

1,2-diaminoethane, ethanedioate ions

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Multidentate ligands definition

Ligands which form many coordinate bonds to a metal ion

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6 coordinate bonds shape

octahedral

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4 coordinate bonds shapes

tetrahedral or square planar

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When is a square planar compound usually formed?

Usually complexes with no overall charge and platinum complexes

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2 coordinate bonds shape

linear

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copper (II) compounds colour

blue

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iron (II) compounds

green

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cobalt (II) compounds

pink

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Energy change equation

Change in energy = hv

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c, v, wavelength equation

c = v x wavelength

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Energy change equation 2

Energy change = hc/wavelength

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Colorimetry equation

A (absorbance) = molar absorbance coefficient x path length x concentration

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acidity of complexes in solution

  1. Metal ion has a high charge density

  2. Metal ion weakens the O-H bond in water ligands causing H+ ions to be released more easily

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Why can vanadium can pulled into thin wires?

As the layers of positive metal ions can slide over each other

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Equations of vanadium (V) oxide as catalyst in Contact process

  1. SO2 + V2O5 → SO3 + V2O4

  2. 1/2O2 + V2O4 → V2O5

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V2+ (aq) ions colour

violet

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V3+ (aq) ions colour

green

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VO2+ (aq) ions

blue

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VO2+ (aq) ions colour

yellow

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homogenous catalyst

In the same state as reactants

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heterogenous catalyst

In different state to reactants

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Chemisorption process

  • Reactant molecules are adsorbed onto active sites on surface of catalyst

  • Bonds in reactant molecules weakened

  • Reactant molecule are held in more favourable conformation for reaction

  • Products are then desorbed

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Catalytic poisoning

Catalyst poisoned by impurities making it ineffective as active sites of catalyst become blocked.

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Homogenous autocatalysis definition

When a product in a reaction acts as the catalyst for the reaction

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Homogenous autocatalysis reaction (MnO4-)

5C2O42- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ → 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with OH- (aq) product

Fe(H2O)4(OH)2

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with OH- (aq) observation

Green precipitate forms

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with excess OH- (aq) observation

green precipitate remains

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with NH3 (aq) product

Fe(H2O)4(OH)2

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with NH3 (aq) observation

Green precipitate forms

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with excess NH3 (aq)

Green precipitate remains

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with CO32-(aq) product

FeCO3

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+ with CO32-(aq) observation

Green precipitate forms

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with OH- ions (aq) product

Cu(H2O)4(OH)2

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with OH- ions (aq) observation

Blue precipitate forms

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with excess OH- ions (aq) observation

blue precipitate remains

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with NH3 ions (aq) product

Cu(H2O)4(OH)2

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with excess NH3 ions (aq) product

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with excess NH3 ions (aq) observation

Deep blue solution

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with CO32- ions (aq) product

CuCO3

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ with CO32- ions (aq) observation

Blue-green precipitate forms

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[Al(H2O)6]3+ with OH- ions (aq) product and observation

Al(H2O)3(OH)3 - white precipitate forms

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[Al(H2O)6]3+ with excess OH- ions (aq) product and observation

[Al(OH)4]- - colourless solution

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[Al(H2O)6]3+ with NH3 (aq) product and observation

Al(H2O)3(OH)3 - white precipitate forms

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[Al(H2O)6]3+ with excess NH3 (aq) observation

white precipitate remains

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[Al(H2O)6]3+ with CO32- (aq) product and observation

Al(H2O)3(OH)3 - white precipitate forms and effervescence (CO2 bubbles)

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[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with OH- ions (aq) product and observation

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 - brown precipitate forms

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[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with excess OH- ions (aq) observation

brown precipitate remains

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[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with NH3 (aq) product and observation

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 - brown precipitate forms

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[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with excess NH3 (aq) observation

brown precipitate remains

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[Fe(H2O)6]3+ with excess CO32- ions (aq) [product and observation

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 - brown precipitate forms + effervescence (CO2 bubbles)

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+ solution colour

Green solution

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ solution colour

Blue solution

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[Al(H2O)6]3+ solution colour

colourless solution

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[Fe(H2O)6]3+ solution colour

yellow solution