Friedland, Environmental Science for AP® Course, 3e, Chapter 7

Demography

The study of human populations and population trends.

Demographer

A scientist in the field of demography.

Immigration

The movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region.

Emigration

The movement of people out of a country or region.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of births per 1,000 individuals per year.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.

Doubling time

The number of years it takes a population to double.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

An estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years.

Replacement-level fertility

The total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size.

Developed country

A country with relatively high levels of industrialization and income.

Developing country

A country with relatively low levels of industrialization and income.

Life expectancy

The average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country.

Infant mortality

The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births.

Child mortality

The number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births.

Net migration rate

The difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country.

Age structure diagram

A visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females.

Population pyramid

An age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries.

Population momentum

Continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented.

Theory of demographic transition

The theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth.

Affluence

The state of having plentiful wealth including the possession of money, goods, or property.

Family planning

The practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control.

IPAT equation

An equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment: Impact = population * affluence * technology.

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A measure of the value of all products and services produced in 1 year in one country.

Urban area

An area that contains more than 385 people per square kilometer (1,000 people per square mile).