BIOL 164 Lab Practical 2

Respiratory bronchioles

The smallest passageways for air inside of the lungs, ending in alveolar sacs

Alveoli

Tiny, hollow sacs in the lungs that provide surface area for gas exchange

Respiratory membrane

Formed by the alveolus and capillary; site of gas exchange

Visceral pleura

Lines the outside wall of the lungs

Parietal pleura

Lines the inside walls of the chest

Pleural cavity

Space in between visceral and parietal pleura

Pleural fluid

Causes the visceral and parietal pleura to stick together, and allows the pleura to move when the chest wall moves

Intrapulmonary space

Volume of the alveoli

Inhalation

• Diaphragm contracts (flattens) → more space in chest

• Lung volume increases, pressure decreases → air moves into lungs

• Atmospheric pressure > Intrapulmonary pressure

Exhalation

• Diaphragm relaxes (bulges upward) → less space in chest

• Lung volume decreases, pressure increases → air pushed out

• Intrapulmonary pressure > atmospheric pressure

Pressure

The amount of force pushing against something else

Atmospheric pressure

Pressure of air in the environment

Intrapulmonary pressure

Pressure of air inside the lungs

What happens if atmospheric pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure?

No airflow

Boyle’s Law

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Volume

The amount of space inside of any container

Intrapleural pressure

Pressure inside the pleural cavity

Respiratory control center

Circuit of neurons in the medulla and pons that control the rate and depth of breathing

Peripheral chemoreceptors

In arteries; monitor CO₂, pH and O₂ concentrations in the blood

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Waste product produced by all cells of the body during metabolism

Carbonic anhydrase

Accelerates the production of bicarbonate and H⁺

Hypercapnia

Too much CO₂; can be caused by holding your breath or more H⁺

Acidosis

Too much H⁺; acidic blood

Hypocapnia

Too little CO₂; can be caused by hyperventilating or fewer H⁺ from chronic vomiting

Alkalosis

Too little H⁺; basic blood

Central chemoreceptors

Found in the medulla and monitor H⁺ concentrations

Obstructive respiratory disorders

Increase the resistance within air passages (bronchitis); difficult time moving air in/out of lungs, over-inflation of lungs

Restrictive respiratory disorders

Reduce lung volume (polio and tuberculosis)

Tidal Volume (TV)

Normal, relaxed breathing pattern

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Volume of air that you could still inhale after a normal inhalation

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Volume of air remaining in your lungs that you could still exhale at the end of a normal exhalation

Exercise hyperpnea

Occurs when both breathing rate and breathing depth increase when compared to rest

Proprioceptors

Sense movement and send information from the limbs to the CNS

Skeletal muscle pump

Venous return increased by muscle contractions of leg muscles, causing blood to be pushed towards the heart

Respiratory muscle pump

Venous return increased by muscle contractions of chest and diaphragm muscles, promoting blood flow to the heart

Evaporative cooling

Body will sweat

Convective cooling

Vasodilation of skin blood vessels

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Protein on RBCs that functions to bind and carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Scrotum

Sac that holds the testes

Testis

Organs that make sperm cells

Epididymis

Stores mature sperm cells

Ductus (vans) deferens

Sperm cells suspended in a salt water solution (extracellular fluid)

Ejaculation

Epididymis → Vas deferens → Urethra

Extracellular salt water solution + Sperm

10% of semen

Seminal vesicle/gland

Secretes sticky yellowish/whitish fluid which makes up 60% of semen

Ejaculatory ducts

Small paired tubes that carry sperm from the vas deferens and fluid from seminal vesicles into the urethra; pass through prostate gland

Urethra

Transports urine from the bladder and semen from the reproductive organs to the outside of the body

Bulbourethral gland

Secretes small amount of slippery fluid into the urethra during sexual arousal, which neutralizes acidic urine and lubricates glans

Prostate gland

Secretes thin, milky fluid which makes up 30% of semen

Penis

Made up of 3 spongy tissue structures that fill with blood during an erection

Glans of penis (head)

Covered by layer of skin called foreskin

Bladder

Stores urine

Spermatic cord

Made up of the vas deferens, testicular artery, and testicular vein

Ovary

Organ that makes oocytes (egg cells)

Uterine (fallopian) tube

Transports ovulated oocytes from the ovary to the uterus; where fertilization occurs

Infundibulum

Hood-like portion of uterine rube that ovens over ovary

Fimbriae

Extend from edges of infundibulum

Uterus

Where the zygote implants if fertilization has occurred; if not, endometrium will be shed during menstruation

Myometrium

Thick layer of smooth muscle in uterus that can generate more force per cell than any other muscle

Endometrium

Lines the uterus, shed during menstruation

Cervix

Narrow muscular opening to uterus that usually contains sticky mucus, which prevents the passage of bacteria/pathogens; mucus thins during ovulation, allowing sperm to pass through

Broad ligament of uterus

Fold of peritoneum that covers and supports the uterus, uterine tube, and ovary

Vagina (vaginal canal)

Connects uterus to outside world; external opening is called vaginal orifice

Vaginal orifice

Walls of vaginal canal secrete lubricating fluid during sexual arousal