Sociology unit test

patterns of behaviour shared by members of a particular group/society

soc overall focus

father of soc, 1st coined the term sociology “systematic study of society”

Comte

psych is individualized and soc is groups as a whole and society

how are soc and psych diff

soc studies groups/society anthro studies culture as a whole.

how are soc and anthro diff

large scale, wide perspective, country/region indiv. belongs to

what is macro soc

small scale, small institutionsm indiv. small groups of society

what is micro soc

structural functionalism, feminist theory, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism

what are the four schools of though

durkheim, his main focus was to study social structures function to serve the needs of society

who made structural functionalism what was his focus

Marx, main focus was to examine conflicts by gender

Who made feminist theory what was her focus

Marx, main focus was to study how power forms the basis of the relationships between diff groups and creates social conflict

who made conflict theory, what was his focus

Webber, cooley, mead, main focus was to study the indiv. role and place within the wider society and how people create their world through social interactions

who made symbolic interactionism, main focus

the way people learn and act (acceptable and unacceptable behaviour)

socialization definition

when you do something you dont want to, but do because others you want to be around are.

direct influences on behaviour

when you do something because you think others with perceive it either positively or negatively

indirect influence on behaviour

primary,secondary,anticipatory socialization and resocialization

4 categories of socialization

the interaction among members of the same group responding to external and internal stimuli

what is social behaviour

direct or indirect influences on your social behaviour

influences on social behaviour

process of learning basic skills needed to survive in a society

what is primary socialization

process of learning how to behave appropriately in groups

secondary socialization

process of learning how to plan the way to behave in a new situation

anticipatory socialization

process by which negative behaviour is transformed into socially acceptable behaviour

re-socialization

family,school,peers,media,culture

agents of socialization

nature is someones innate qualities(genetics+biology) nurture is a persons experiences and participation in social life (shaped by social interactions)

nature vs nurture

‘worlds strongest boy’ body builder at the age of 6, by factors of nurture in his life, by parent’s lifestyle

whos richard sandrak

children who are raised in sensory and social isolation within human households, confined and denied social interaction

isolate child

Genie

example of an isolate child

children who are deserted at a young age and raised by animals, often imitate sounds/gestures of the animal that raised them

feral child

Oxana

ex of feral child

**Groups greatly affect and influence indiv. behaviour. Groups rely on common understanding, and use of roles, norms, and sanctions to control members and maintain order**

importance of groups/ reason for social interactopm

attached to a specific function, which we accept because of socialization.

what is a role

guidelines for appropriate behaviour among members. Society relies on norms to keep order.

whats a norm

informal or formal penalties or rewards to ensure conformity within a group.

sanctions

conformity that becomes this, **the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility**

groupthink

 **the process by which an individual will alter or change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours to meet the expectations of a group or authority figure.**

conformity

**Before no one recycled, but overtime the importance of recycling caused people to pressure others to also recycle.**

ex of pos conformity

**a young person who commits a crime in order to maintain membership in a gang.**

ex of neg conformity

**studied the results of intentionally breaking a social norm and then analyzed people’s reactions to this breach.**

Garfinkel

act of treating groups of indiv. unfairly based on their race, genderm or other common characteristics, be be overt or systemic

discrimination

exaggerated view or judgement made about a group or class of people

stereotype

erroneous judgement, assumptions, opinions, or actions toward a person or group, based on the belief that one race is superior to another

racism

attitudes or behaviours based on predetermined ideas of sexual roles that discriminate against others because of their sex

sexism

systemic or personal actions that discriminate against persons according to their socio-econimic level, which leads to human needs being unmet

classism

indiv. judgment about or active hostility toward another social group

prejudice

learned theory, frustration-aggression theory, competition theory, ignorance theory

major theories about discrimination+prejudice

kitty genovese was brutally murdered on the streets of new york city, 38 people after the fact came forward saying they knew what was going on and didnt call creating the kitty genovese/bystander effect

kitty genovese bystander case

self-awareness,social cues, blocking mechanisms, diffusion of responsibility

4 mechanisms for bystander effect

when an indiv. feels there is an audience, their actions may be inhibited because of fear of making a fool of themself infront of others. Didnt want to look dumb,safety.

self-awareness

people look to others for cues of how to behave, so if no one actsm it reinforces the notion that no one should act. if no one else is helping you dont either

social cues

in an emergency situation where there are a lot of people around someone stepping in to act can actually block others from doing so. deferring to the teacher because theyre more qualified to help

blocking mechanisms

people assume someone else will help so they dont have to. the more people in a space the less responsibility you feel to help.

diffusion of responsibility

NERH- notice the incident, interpret it as an emergency, assume responsibility, help.

Darley/Latane theory of what people need to help

someone in a situation whos able to overcome the 4 mechanisms, assume responsibility and get involved.

upstander concept

the way an individual defines themself and the world around them. Created through socialization by internalizing the values of the groups to which an individual belongs

Social identity

self-concept (a place in the world)

what does someone create with a social identity

Believes that all human behaviour is “acted”. People manipulate their appearance to present a specific kind of self, depending on the audience.

Goffman role theory

how indiv. see themselves through the eyes of those whom they interact with. Assume variety of diff roles and learn early on which ‘mask’ to wear.

Looking glass self Cooley/mead

cooley thought everyone we interacted with impacted our self-identity. whereas mead thought only people we are close to have a significant impact on our sense of self

how did cooley and meads beliefs differ

connected to the Cooley, looking glass self theory. During the show they had to do many tests before the sociologists found that persons ‘perfect match’, these people’s results would show a reflection of yourself.

Married at first sight example

an exclusive group that includes a small number 2-12 of chosen members, who share similar interests and/or views

Clique

Any action that is intended to injure, harm, or inflict pain on another living being or groups of beings, either human or animal

agression

Increased peer aggression among adolescents has created awareness for issues of bullying

bullying

verbal bullying, physical bullying, social bullying, theft, cyberbullying

diff types of bullying

**rude- Inadvertently saying or doing something that hurts someone else.**

mean- **Purposefully saying or doing something to hurt someone once (or maybe twice)**

rude/ mean

in extreme cases bullying (specifically cyberbullying) can lead to victim committing suicide/death

bullycide

pos- help develop interpersonal relationships and learn how to relate to others, supportive environment.

neg- can have aggression (leading to bullying), peer pressure, isolating yourself to only your clique, group think

role of cliques on behaviour (pos/neg)

never know how what your saying will affect someone, emotional trauma/suffering, feeling trapped

cyberbullying effects

Everything that you put on the internet is permanent, It can haunt you later in life; it can harm someone’s reputation. 

cyberbullying consequences

social behaviour in a large group that doesn’t reflect existing rules, institutions, and structure of society

collective behaviour

form of altruism in which indiv. or groups demonstrate empathy toward and care for the welfare of others without benefit to themselves

prosocial behaviour

assumes that when a collectivity, large group of people who’re like-minded, come together, collective action is most common outcome

convergence theory

assumes people make more rational decisions whether or not they’re influences by collective behaviour. indiv. needs a specific number of people needed for them to join.

rational decision theory

a disorderly crowd of people

mobs

large group of strangers using electronic methods to organize and stage surprise public gatherings

smart mob

the widespread irrational decision to a perceived danger

mass hysteria