I. The Concept of Pain a. Define pain b. Signs & symptoms of pain c. Pathophysiology & etiologies of pain d. Physiological & behavioral responses to pain e. Types of pain i. Nociceptive pain ii. Neuropathic pain iii. Acute vs. chronic pain iv. Idiopathic pain v. Central pain vi. Phantom pain vii. Psychogenic (emotional) pain f. Factors influencing pain g. Assessing pain h. Nursing interventions to manage pain II. The Concept of Oxygenation a. Factors affecting oxygenation b. Hypoxia vs. hypoxemia c. Alterations in respiratory function d. Assessments & diagnostics related to oxygenation e. Oxygen delivery devices i. Indications for which device to use ii. # of liters delivered via each device iii. Percent of oxygen delivered via each device f. Nursing interventions to promote effective oxygenation g. Home oxygen therapy III. The Concept of Infection a. Terms: i. Communicability ii. Virulence iii. Colonization iv. Superinfection b. Localized vs. systemic infections i. Signs & symptoms of each c. Acute infection vs. Chronic infection (know examples of each) d. Factors that increase infection risk e. Stages of infection f. MDRO’s g. MRSA i. VRE h. Chain of infection i. Standard precautions j. Transmission-based precautions (describe the precaution and what PPE are necessary to use) i. Know what transmission-based precautions (if any) might be used for these infections: 1. Varicella Zoster 2. HIV 3. Hepatitis B & C 4. Clostridium difficile 5. MDROs k. Interventions to prevent transmission of infection l. Patient teaching r/t infection IV. Pre-/Intra-/Post-Op Care a. Classifications of Surgery b. Surgical Risk Factors c. Pre-/Intra-/Post-Op Nursing Assessment and Nursing Care d. Roles during Surgery – circulating nurse, scrub nurse/tech, 1st assist, etc. e. Potential Post-Op Complications f. Types of anesthesia, indications for use, and potential complications with each type

Define pain

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

Signs and symptoms of pain

Common signs include grimacing, guarding, and changes in vital signs; symptoms may include sharpness, aching, or throbbing.

Pathophysiology of pain

Pain arises from the activation of nociceptors in response to harmful stimuli, processed in the central nervous system.

Nociceptive pain

Pain that arises from physical damage or potential damage to body tissues.

Neuropathic pain

Pain caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system.

Acute vs. chronic pain

Acute pain is short-term, with a clear cause, while chronic pain persists beyond normal healing time, often with no clear cause.

Idiopathic pain

Pain for which no identifiable cause can be found.

Central pain

Pain resulting from dysfunction in the central nervous system.

Phantom pain

Pain experienced in a body part that has been amputated.

Psychogenic (emotional) pain

Pain that is influenced by emotional factors or psychological conditions.

Factors influencing pain

Factors include psychological state, cultural background, previous pain experience, and current health status.

Assessing pain

Methods include self-reporting, behavioral observations, and physiological indicators.

Nursing interventions to manage pain

Strategies may include medication administration, physical therapy, and psychological support.

Hypoxia vs. hypoxemia

Hypoxia is low oxygen in tissues, while hypoxemia is low oxygen in blood.

Signs and symptoms of hypoxia

Symptoms include shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, and cyanosis.

Oxygen delivery devices

Equipment used to provide supplemental oxygen to patients, such as nasal cannula or mask.

Indications for oxygen device use

Select based on patient condition, desired oxygen saturation, and comfort.

Home oxygen therapy

Long-term supplemental oxygen use for patients with chronic respiratory conditions.

Communicability

The ability of a disease to spread from one host to another.

Virulence

The degree of pathogenicity or the strength of an organism to cause disease.

Localized vs. systemic infections

Localized infections affect a specific area, while systemic infections affect the entire body.

Acute infection

Infection that comes on suddenly and is usually severe but short-term.

Chronic infection

Infection that lasts a long time or keeps coming back, such as tuberculosis.

MDRO’s

Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms, pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotics.

MRSA

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, a type of staph infection resistant to antibiotics.

VRE

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus, a type of bacteria that has developed resistance to vancomycin.

Chain of infection

The series of events that lead to the transmission of infectious agents.

Standard precautions

Infection control practices that apply to all patients, regardless of diagnosis.

Transmission-based precautions

Precautions used in addition to standard precautions, tailored to specific routes of transmission.

Interventions to prevent infection transmission

Measures include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and sterilization.

Patient teaching regarding infection

Educate patients on hygiene, recognizing signs of infection, and importance of adherence to treatment.

Classifications of surgery

Surgeries are classified as elective, urgent, or emergent based on necessity.

Surgical Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of complications during or after surgery.

Pre-/Intra-/Post-Op Nursing Assessment and Nursing Care

Comprehensive care protocols aimed at ensuring safety and recovery before, during, and after surgery.

Roles during Surgery

Roles include circulating nurse, scrub nurse/tech, and 1st assistant, each with specific responsibilities.

Potential Post-Op Complications

Complications may include infection, bleeding, and adverse reactions to anesthesia.

Types of anesthesia

Include general, regional, and local anesthesia, each with specific indications and potential complications.