World History Revolutions Vocabulary

Nation-states

Countries that are united by one similar ethnic trait

Henry VIII

English king who had six wives and made himself Supreme Head of the Anglican Church because he wanted a divorce.

Valois Family and Louis XI

The royal family of France known for turning two families against each other and killing the winner. They gained land through marriage making them more powerful.

Concordat of Bologna

Signed by Francis I, allowing him to be able to nominate people to the Catholic Church

Martin Luther of Wittenburg

The catalyst of the Protestant Reformation, he was a German monk who questioned the fidelity of the Catholic Church

Indulgence

The Catholic Church’s pardon which atoned people for their sins. It was sold and was questioned by Martin Luther.

Ninety-Five Theses

The treatise published by Martin Luther which was dispersed throughout Europe with the help of Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press.

John Calvin

The founder of the Calvinist branch. He believed people were chosen for salvation before birth.

The Elect

The people chosen for salvation in Calvinism

Council of Trent

Bishops, cardinals, and other church officials who met to address doctrine and reform

The Society of Jesus

Founded by St. Ignatius Loyola who encouraged education for the members called Jesuits. The members were often counselors or advisers for royals

The Thirty Years’ War

A war that lasted thirty years because the Holy Roman Emperor tried to force Czech subjects to return to the Catholic Church.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to King Louis XIII who worked to lessen the power of the nobility and improve the authority of the king

King Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King and built Versailles as a distraction for nobles so he could gain more absolute power.

Peter I or Peter the Great

He wanted to improve Russia’s military so he traveled to other European countries to observe, though he treated the places he went rudely.

Peace of Westphalia

A document that ended the Thirty Years’ War and started the foundation of a system with independent, competing states.

Sephardic

A group of Jews from Spain

Ashkenazi

A group of Jews from Germany

Auto de fe

An act of faith in Spain where accused people walk in robes in a parade. At the end of the parade there are executions.

Morisco

Muslims converted to Christianity in order to stay in Spain

Marranoes

Jews who converted to Christianity in order to stay in Spain

Diet of Worms

The meeting of Martin Luther and Charles V

Huguenot

French Protestants

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

When Henry of Navarre is married to Mary de Medici, his mother in law sends her armies to kill all of the huguenots.

Edict of Nantes

The legal act that allowed people to choose their own religions, enacted by Henry

Intendants

Middle class people who were employed by the government to complete the jobs of the nobles, enacted by Cardinal Richelieu to take power from the nobles.

Presbyterian

Scottish Protestant

James I

Known for giving speeches to Parliament and being the monarch when the King James Bible was completed, the first Bible to be translated to English.

Oliver Cromwell

Dictator of England for 10 years

Robert Walpole

First Prime Minister of England

Magna Carta

First document of the English Constitution

The Houses of Parliament

House of Lords and House of Commons