A+P 1: Module 1

Anatomy

Study of body structure

Physiology

Study of body function

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic imbalance

Failure to maintain stable internal conditions

Chemical level

Atoms and molecules

Cellular level

Basic unit of life (cells)

Tissue level

Groups of similar cells working together

Organ level

Two or more tissues working together

Organ system level

Group of organs working together

Organism level

Entire living human body

Receptor

Detects changes in the internal or external environment

Control center

Processes information and determines response

Effector

Produces response to restore balance

Negative feedback

Mechanism that reverses a change to maintain stability

Positive feedback

Mechanism that amplifies a change until a process is completed

Cell

Basic structural and functional unit of life

Cell theory

All living things are made of cells

Cytoplasm

Fluid inside the cell where reactions occur

Nucleus

Control center of the cell containing DNA

Mitochondria

Produces ATP (energy)

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Protein processing and transport

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lipid synthesis and detoxification

Golgi apparatus

Modifies

Lysosomes

Digest and recycle cellular waste

Plasma membrane

Selective barrier controlling entry and exit of substances

Phospholipid bilayer

Double layer forming main structure of membrane

Fluid mosaic model

Description of membrane as flexible with moving proteins

Membrane proteins

Structures involved in transport

Cholesterol

Stabilizes membrane fluidity

Carbohydrates (membrane)

Cell recognition markers

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport using membrane proteins

Passive transport

Movement without energy (ATP)

Active transport

Movement requiring ATP against concentration gradient

Endocytosis

Movement of substances into the cell via vesicles

Exocytosis

Release of substances out of the cell via vesicles

Concentration gradient

Difference in concentration between two areas

Atom

Smallest unit of an element

Element

Pure substance made of one type of atom

Water

Universal solvent essential for life processes

pH

Measure of acidity or alkalinity

Acidic

pH less than 7

Neutral

pH of 7

Basic

pH greater than 7

Carbohydrates

Primary energy source

Lipids

Long-term energy storage and cell membranes

Proteins

Structural components and enzymes

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA carrying genetic information

Chemical reaction

Process of converting reactants into products

Synthesis reaction

Chemical reaction that builds larger molecules

Decomposition reaction

Chemical reaction that breaks molecules apart

Anatomical position

Standard reference position of the body (standing upright

Superior

Above or toward the head

Inferior

Below or toward the feet

Anterior

Front of the body

Posterior

Back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment

Distal

Farther from point of attachment

Sagittal plane

Divides body into left and right

Frontal plane

Divides body into front and back

Transverse plane

Divides body into upper and lower portions

Dorsal cavity

Cavity housing brain and spinal cord

Ventral cavity

Cavity housing thoracic and abdominopelvic organs

Thoracic cavity

Contains heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains digestive and reproductive organs

Serous membranes

Thin membranes that reduce friction between organs and cavities