Isolating Clove Oil from Cloves using Steam Distillation

Raoult's Law

Ideal Mixtures follow Raoult's Law. Pt=P1x1+p2X2

The total vapor pressure of the system is determined by adding together the products of the vapor pressure and the respective mole fraction of each compound.

Miscible Mixtures

Simple and fractional distillations are carried out in miscible mixtures

Co-Distillation

Distillation that can also be done in mixture that are immiscible

Steam Distillation

when one of the compounds is water. It offers an advantage in that volatile compounds that are unstable or have high boiling points can co-distill with water at relatively low temperatures.

Dalton's Law

When 2 immiscible liquids are distilled, the total vapor pressure above the liquid is equal to the sum of the vapor pressures of each compound.

Pt=P1+P2, The respective mole fractions are not included in this equation due to in an ideal situation liquid vaporizes independently.

Steam distillation is carries out in 1 or 2 methods:

1st method is used in class, an excess of water is added to the compound of interest in a distilling flask. the mixture is then heated to boiling point. Resulting vapor is condensed and collected in the receiver flask. The compound of interest is the n separated from the water, often by extraction.

Essential Oils

Clove oil belongs to this large class of natural products

What precautions must be taken when mixing reagents in a separator funnel or centrifuge tube?

Vent the seperatory funnel frequently to not let the pressure build up.

Essential oil

compounds used as flavorings and perfumes natural products.

Why is steam distillation preferable to simple distillation for isolating high-boiling natural products?

Steam distillation offers an advantage in that volatile compounds that are unstable or have high boiling points can co-distill with water at relatively low temperature. Process avoids decomposition that might occur at normal boiling point of the compounds of interest.

Purpose:

will isolate clove oil from cloves by semi-microscale steam distillation and extraction. The product will be characterizing by using reaction with bromine, potassium, permanganate, and Iron III chloride. TLC will demonstrate and analyze the purity of the product.

In the isolation of clove experiment, several tests were used to classify eugenol. Give the reagents for One of the two tests, the product of tat reaction, and briefly describe the observation one would expect for that test?

Bromine, when mixed in clove oil it turned red.

Raoult's Law addresses the thermodynamics that allow steam distillation to work. Give the equation for Raoult's law, for a two component system, and state what each variable stands for?

Pt=P1X1+P2X2

Pt=Total Pressure

P1=Pressure of cmpd 1

X1= Mole fraction fo cmpd 1

P2=Pressure of cmpd 2

X2=Mole fraction of cmpd 2

Calculate the percent yield of clove oil based upon the initial mass of the ground cloves?

0.812g/5.125gx100=15.8%

Give you test result for the reaction of your eugenol product with each of the test reagents

Eugenol product with bromine test resulted in 12 drops until pale yellow color persisted. Eugenol product with permanganate resulted in a brown substance after 3 drops. The control group needed only one drop for color to persist when tested with bromine and remained purple when tested with permanganate.