Section 2 Key Terms

behaviorism

learning theory that focuses on observable behavior and the role of reinforcement and punishment in learning

cognitivism

learning theory that emphasizes the role of mental processes, such as thinking, memory, and porblem-solving, in learning

constructivism

learning theory that highlights the importanct of learners actively buiding their own understanding and knowledge through experiences and interactions

direct instruction

a teacher-led traditional behaviorist teaching strategy

industry v. inferiority stage age

Erikson’s stage from 6-12

industry v. inferiority stage

Erikson’s stage when children develop a growing sense of competence and accomplishment as they develop a greater understanding of their capabilite and limitations

egocentric

individuals struggling to acknowledge perspectives beyond their own

identity v. role confusion stage age

Erikson’s stage from 12-17

identity v. role confusion stage

Eriksons’s stage when individuals engage in the exploration and formation of personal identity, including values, beliefs, and aspirations

formal operational stage age

Piaget’s stage ages 12+

classical conditioning

illustrates how associations between stimuli can lead to learned responses

mental schemas

cognitive frameworks that help people organize and interpret information

autonomy v. shame/doubt stage age

Erikson’s stage from ages 1-3

autonomy v. shame/doubt stage

Erikson’s stage where children demonstrate a growing need for independence without being overly controlled or criticized

social constructivism

emphasizes the interplay between individual cognition and social factors in shaping learning

sensorimotor stage age

Piaget’s stage from birth-2 years old

sensorimotor stage

Piaget’s stage when infants explore through senses and actions, developing an understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations

concrete operational stage age

Piaget’s stage between 7-11

concrete operational stage

Piaget’s stage when children’s thinking becomes more logical, organized, and systematic

initiative v. guilt stage age

Erikson’s stage from 3-6

initiative v. guilt stage

children display increased assertiveness by taking the leard in play and engagig in social interactions more actively

preoperational stage age

Piaget’s stage from 2-7

preoperational stage

Piaget’s stage when children begin to think symbolically, using symbols to represent words, objects, and concepts, enabling the capacity to mimic behavior through imitation

Bloom’s revised taxonomy

a framework that categorizes education objectives into six levels of cognitive complexity: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating

operant conditioning

demonstrates how behaviors are strengthened or weakened

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance and support

trust v. mistrust stage age

Erikson’s stage from birth-12 months

trust v. mistrust stage

Erikson’s stage when infants learn to rely on caregivers for their basic needs, fostering trust; incosistency in meeting these needs can lead to mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety about their environment

formal operational stage

Piaget’s stage when individuals can engage in higher-order thinking and reasoning, abstract and critical thinking, and increased problem solving