Memory

These flashcards cover key concepts related to memory as discussed in the lecture notes.

Encoding

The process of putting information into memory.

Storage

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

Retrieval

The process of recovering information from memory.

Acoustic memory codes

Memory codes based on sound.

Visual memory codes

Memory codes based on sight.

Semantic memory codes

Memory codes based on meaning.

Episodic memory

Memory for events in one’s own past.

Procedural memory

Memory of how to perform tasks, often difficult to verbalize.

Semantic memory

General knowledge about facts, concepts, and contextual awareness.

Recall

Fetching information from memory without cues.

Recognition

Retrieval aided by cues.

Explicit memory

Intentional remembrance of information.

Implicit memory

Automatic recall without effort.

Sensory memory

Brief processing of sensory input.

Short-term memory

Information storage for immediate use, lasting less than 20 seconds.

Chunking

Organizing individual stimuli into larger, meaningful units.

Primacy effect

High recall for the first few items in a sequence.

Recency effect

High recall for the last few items in a sequence.

Long-term memory

Stage of memory where information is retained for extended periods.

Effortful processing

Involves deep processing for encoding information into long-term memory.

Information Processing Model

The model hypothesizing that information must pass through sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

Levels of Processing Model

Model suggesting memory depends on the depth of mental processing.

Maintenance rehearsal

A memorization method involving repetition.

Elaborative rehearsal

A memorization method that connects new information to already stored knowledge.

Transfer-Appropriate Processing Model

Model positing that retrieval success depends on matching encoding and retrieval processes.

Neural Network Model

Model suggesting that experiences are encoded through neuronal connections.

Multiple Memory Systems Model

Concept stating different types of memory rely on various brain regions.

Encoding specificity principle

The effectiveness of a cue for retrieval depends on how closely it relates to encoding.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The feeling of knowing information but not being able to retrieve it.

Context-specific memory

Retrieval influenced by the context in which information was learned.

State-dependent memory

Retrieval influenced by a person's internal state during learning and recall.

Spreading activation

Activation of related concepts in memory networks when thinking about a particular concept.

False memories

Recall of events that differ from how they actually occurred.

Misinformation effect

When new information alters the original memory, making it harder to recall correctly.

Decay theory

The gradual disappearance of memory as it is not used.

Interference

When some information blocks the storage or retrieval of other information.

Mnemonic devices

Techniques used to organize information to enhance memory.

PQ4R method

A study technique: Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review.