Trident Tech Bio 210 Anatomy and Physiology final 2025

Anatomy

the study of the body and its parts

Physiology

the study of how the body works together

Gastroenterology

study of digestion system

Characteristics of Living Things

1. Organization 2. Acquisition of energy (food/water intake/photosynthesis) 3. Response to change in environment (example: nervous system) 4. Development and growth - changing over time 5. Reproduction

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

1. CHEMICAL 2. CELLULAR 3. TISSUE 4. ORGAN 5. ORGAN SYSTEM 6. ORGANISM LEVEL

Integumentary System

skin. Barrier layer and protection

Skeletal System

support, stability, and movement of body

Muscular System

support, stability, and movement of body

Nervous System

coordination and communication of all body systems

Endocrine System

hormone production

Cardiovascular System

blood circulation

Lymphatic System

blood production, maintenance of fluid balance and disease defense

Respiratory System

breathing

Digestive System

processing food

Urinary System

waste elimination

Reproductive System

reproductive

Anatomic Position

gives a reliable benchmark in order to correctly label and identify the bones, muscles, and etc. It also provides a reliable way to locate and identify the placement of injuries.

Frontal Plane

division between the front and back sides

Sagittal Plane

division between the left and right planes

Transverse Plane

divides the top and bottom halves

Directional Terms

a) superior/inferior - above; below b) cranial/caudal - towards the head of the body; towards the foot of the body c) medial/lateral - middle of the body; towards the edge or outer portion of the body d) proximal/distal - towards or nearest the trunk or point of the attachment; farthest from the trunk or point of attachment e) anterior/posterior - towards the front of the body; towards the back of the body f) dorsal/ventral - the back of the body; towards the front of the body.

Dorsal Cavity

Includes the Cranial and Spinal

Ventral Cavity

includes the thoracic, and the combined abdominopelvic being the pelvic and abdominal cavity

Body Cavities

THORACIC CAVITY, ABDOMINAL CAVITY, PELVIC CAVITY

Homeostasis

the self regulating process to help an organism maintain stability and to adapt during appropriate conditions

Homeostatic Control Mechanism Components

a) receptor - the receptor senses the change (example: thermometer) b) control center - changes and determines range (example: thermostat) c) effector - responds to or fixes change (example: AC/Heater)

Set Point

the desired value for a physiological variable

Negative Feedback

a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point

Positive Feedback

a mechanism that increases a deviation from the set point

Protons

positive charge

Neutrons

neutral charge

Electrons

negative charge

Matter

the substance of the universe, any substance with mass that occupies space

Atomic Number

a unique number of protons in elements. Also tells the number of electrons

Isotope

an element with additional neutrons

Cation

possession of fewer negative ion charges

Anion

possession of more positive ion changes

Ionic bond

ongoing close association between ions of opposite charge. Also capable of transfer of electrons

Polar Covalent bond

charged unequal electrons

Nonpolar Covalent bond

neutral electrons

Hydrogen bond

weak temporary bond that is constantly breaking

Compound

a material made up of two or more parts of elements

Molecule

two or more atoms bonded together from a single chemical entity

Functions of water

include use as a heat sink, lubrication, cushion from physical trauma, and as a component of liquid mixtures

Universal solvent

water is the most abundant solvent in the body, nearly all the body's chemical reactions are due to compounds dissolving in water within the body

High specific heat

This is caused by hydrogen bonding. It takes more energy to raise the temperature of water compared to other substances.

Vaporization

the amount of energy needed to change one gram of a liquid substance to a gas at constant temperature

Hydrophobic

"water fearing" nonpolar molecules which do not readily dissolve in water

Hydrophilic

"water loving" ionic compounds and/or polar covalent compounds easily dissolvable in water

pH scale

the numerical measurement of how acidic or basic a liquid mixture is. Scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 0-7 being more acidic/with more hydrogen, and 8-14 being less hydrogen, or more base.

Acid

more hydrogen released in the solution, ranges from 0-7 on pH scale

Base

less hydrogen being released into the solution, ranges from 8-14 on pH scale

Buffer

a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base able to neutralize the effects of an acid or base within the body (example: taking an antacid for heartburn)

Colloid

mixture somewhat like a heavy solution, the solute particles consist of tiny clumps which make the liquid mixture opaque (example: milk or cream)

Suspension

liquid mixture which a heavier substance is suspended temporarily in liquid but settles over time (example: muddy water or flour and water)

Solvent

substance that dissolves others to form a solution

Emulsion

a fine mixture of two naturally opposing liquids (example: oil and water)

Inorganic compounds

compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds

Organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds

Organic Compound

class of chemical compound in which one or more carbon atoms are linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen

Inorganic Compound

any substance in which two or more chemical elements are combined in usually equal proportions

Carbohydrates

Example: GLUCOSE, SUCROSE (TABLE SUGAR); Building Block: MONOSACCHARIDE; Function: ATP (energy) production

Lipids

Example: CHOLESTEROL, PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER FOR CELL MEMBRANE; Building Block: GLYCEROL, FATTY ACID; Function: Storing energy

Proteins

Example: ENZYMES, COLLAGEN, KERATIN, HEMOGLOBIN; Building Block: AMINO ACIDS; Function: Build structures, catalyze reactions, immune response, pack and transport materials

Nucleic Acid

Example: DNA, RNA; Building Block: NUCLEOTIDE; Function: Carry genetic material for distribution and reproduction

Saturated Fats

all single covalent bonds with fatty acids; Solid at room temp

Unsaturated Fats

one or more double covalent bonds; Liquid at room temp and removed easily from body

Primary Structure of Proteins

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, one level of change

Secondary Structure of Proteins

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, pleated sheet/spiral, two layers of change

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, combined primary and secondary level, with either spiral or 3D shape

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, multiple proteins interlocked into one unit (hemoglobin example)

Denaturation

change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

Energy

the ability to do work

Potential Energy

stored/inactive energy

Kinetic Energy

energy of motion

Chemical Energy

often stored in chemical bonds

Mechanical Energy

result of applied force

Sound Energy

movement of compressed particles of matter from a vibrating object

Radiant Energy

movement of waveform energy, also known as visible light

Synthetic Reaction

components bond to create larger molecules. Energy is required and stored in bond

Decomposition Reaction

the bonds between components of larger reactions are broken, resulting in smaller products

Exchange Reaction

bonds formed and broken then the components of reactants rearrange

Reactant

substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction

Product

substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction

Exergonic Reaction

a reaction that releases free energy

Endergonic Reaction

energy is stored within bonds - applies to synthetic and dehydration reactions

Enzyme

catalyst that is almost always a protein; proteins that help speed up metabolism. And can perform a reaction for less activation energy

Activation Energy

amount of energy required to reach transition state

Active Site

region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during reaction

Induced-fit Model

binding that proves substrate is capable of inducing proper alignment of activation site and causing enzyme to perform its catalytic function

ATP

important for its role as energy and the storage of energy, as well as due to its role in the transport of proteins and lipids in and out of the cell

Cytology

study of a cell

Extracellular Fluid

fluid outside the cells

Intracellular Fluid

fluid contained within the cells

Intercellular Fluid

fluid found in the spaces between cells

Cell Structure Components

1. Cell/Plasma membrane 2. Nucleus 3. Cytoplasm

Plasma Membrane

The makeup of a plasma membrane is a mosaic of components that are constantly moving freely and fluidly.

Functions of Proteins in Plasma Membrane

Transportation of nutrients, receiving of chemical signals outside the cell, translating the chemical signals, and anchoring cells in particular locations.

Diffusion

Simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane.