Bio 9 Notes

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

Chloroplast

The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

Light Dependent Reactions

The phase of photosynthesis that requires light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert CO2 and other compounds into glucose.

Cell Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), water, and carbon dioxide.

Anaerobic

A type of respiration that does not require oxygen.

Aerobic

A type of respiration that requires oxygen.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding ATP and NADH.

Krebs Cycle

A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate.

Electron Transport Chain

A sequence of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugar to acid, gas, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in muscle cells when oxygen is scarce.

Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of fermentation that produces alcohol and carbon dioxide from sugars, commonly used in baking and brewing.