Social Psych Chp 10 - 14 (in progress)

Stereotype

beliefs & expectations about members of a group; positive/negative

Prejudice

an attitude or affective response (positive/negative) towards a group & its individual members

Discrimination

favorable/unfavorable of individuals based on their membership in a particular group

contemporary prejudice

based on beliefs regarding value incongruence, cultural deficiencies/more generally effort & initiative

modern racism

prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs

namism

unfair judgement where people believe that everyone w/ the same name acts the same way/has the same skills

benevolent sexism

attitudes & beliefs that appear positive/well-intentioned towards women, but ultimately reinforce traditional gender roles & maintain male dominance

benevolent racism

attitudes & beliefs that appear positive/well-intented towards certain groups but still perspective stereotypes & inequalities

Implicit association Test (IAT)

revealing no conscious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people

Affect misattribution procedure (AMP)

priming precedure desgined to asses people’s implicit associations to different stimuli, including their associations to various ethnic, racial, gender, & occupational groups

economic perspective

identifies the roots of intergroup hostility in competing interests that can pit groups against each other

motivational perspective

emphasizes that psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflict

cognitive perspective

traces the origins of stereotyping to the same cognitive processes that enable people to categorize saying/items into distinct classes

realistic group conflict theory

group conflict, prejudice, & discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

ethnocertism

glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups

superordinate goals

goal that transcends the interests of any one group & that can be achieved more readily by two/more groups working together

minimal group paradigm

an experimental paradigm in which reseachers create groups based on arbitrary & seemingly meaningless criteria & then examine how the members of these “minimal groups” are inclined to behave toward one another

social identity theory

idea that a person’s self-concept & self-esteem derive not only from personal identity & accomplishment but also from the status & accomplishment of the various groups to which the person belongs

basking in glory

taking pride in the accomplishment of other people in one’s groups, such as when sports fan identify w/ a winning team

paired disinctiveness

pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together

subtyping

explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole

outgroup homogeneity effect

tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger or outgroups than for ingroups

own-race identification bias

tendency for people to be better able to recognize & distinguish faces from their own race than other races

contact hypothesis

proposition that prejudice can be reduced by polling members of different groups in frequent contact w/ one another

social dominance theory

the heirarchical nature of societies, how they remain stable, & how more powerful/privileged groups in a society maintain their advantage; based on age, gender, “arbitrary set”

arbitrary set

hierachies that are culturally defined than natural; ethnicity, religion, race

individual discrimination

individuals in the dominant groups act to preserve their advantage & to keep those subordinate groups “in their place”

institutional discrimination

laws & norms preserve the hierarchy

behavioral asymmetries

deference is shown to members of dominant but not subordinate groups & self-fulfilling prophecies undermine the achievement of members of subordinate groups

social dominance orientation

personality trait that corresponds to a person’s support for socieconomic hierarchy & belief that different groups should occupy higher & lower positions in society

just world hypothesis

belief that people get what they deserve in life & deserve what they got

dehumanization

attribution of nonhuman characteristics & denial of human qualities to groups; generally to outgroup than intergroup

anthropomorphism

attribution of human traits, feelings, & intentions to nonhuman entities

stereotype content model

describes that nature of common group stereotypes, positing that they vary along the two prominent dimensions of warmth & competence

commission

individuals engaging in actions that disadvantage/harm members of certain groups

omission

absence of things, such as resources, opportunities, or mere attention, that are available to members of dominant groups

systemic inequalities

historical/contemporary laws, policies, practices, & norms that advantage others when it comes to such things as wealth, education, housing, & health care

stereotype threat

fear of conforming the stereotypes that others have about one’s group

marley hypothesis

claim that different racial groups make different assessments of the amount of racist in society today bcuz they different in their knowledge of racial history