Art History 2 Final

Baroque in Italy and Spain

• Started in Rome

• Focuses on intense and dark drama, emotion, movement

• Introduction of new subject matter

• Helps pioneer genre scenes, still life pieces, and landscapes

Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, Baroque in Italy and Spain

Tenebrism - the intense contrast of light and dark in painting

• Uses dark and light color palettes and close cropping techniques

• Very influential in this time period with his methods

Caravaggio, The Conversion of St. Paul, Baroque in Italy and Spain

• Intense light and dark (tenebrism)

• Close cropping

• Drama, emotion, and movement

• Choosing to focus on things like emotion

• Foreshortening (things feel closer than they should be)

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, Baroque in Italy and Spain

• Female artist

• Tenebrism, close cropping, drama, emotion, and movement

• First women who was admitted to the Academy of Design in Florence

• Special cases of women being admitted into schools or guilds

• Closely cropped, small composition (women looking the side as if someone is there)

Francesco Borromini. Façade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Baroque in Italy and Spain

• Classical architecture but without the perfect shapes

• Drama

• Using organic lines

• Using the space in a different way

• Borromini is known for exterior spaces

• Some refer to it as the corruption of architecture

Borromini’s Sant’Agnese, behind Bernini’s Four Rivers Fountain, Baroque in Italy and Spain

• Brought everything forward because you couldn’t see the dome and towers from the street

• Classical elements

• Created a centralized plan

• Dome sits closer to the façade of the building so it’s more visible

• Curving façade of the building inward so there is more space for the dome to protrude

Diego Velázquez, The Maids of Honor, Baroque in Italy and Spain

• Genre scene

• A lot of symbolism

• Depicting himself working, painting a picture of the royal family (he was a court worker)

• King and queen depicted in the back

Baroque in the Netherlands

• North is Holland not ruled by Spain (religious freedom)

• Different schools of painting and local styles in Holland

• More merchants and farmers in Holland

• South is Flanders ruled by the spanish (all catholic)

Peter Paul Rubens, The Raising of the Cross, Baroque in the Netherlands

• Is kind of the founding father of the rubenists

• Movement, musculature, emotion, and drama

• Intense colors

• Atmospheric perspective

• Travels all over and returns to the Netherlands so he is exposed to a lot of different styles

Peter Paul Rubens, Drawing after Michelangelo’s Ignudi from the Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Baroque in the Netherlands

• Influenced by michelangelo

• Musculature

Peter Paul Rubens, Marchesa Brigida Spinola Doria, Baroque in the Netherlands

• Inside, three quarter pose, best clothes

• More intense color palette

• Spanish royalty

• Thought to have initially been full length but was cut down

Jacob Jordaens, The King Drinks, Baroque in the Netherlands

• Celebration of a holiday in the Netherlands

• The head of your household is “the king”

• Drama, movement, and emotion

• Closely cropped

• Genre scene

Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, Allegory of Sight, Baroque in the Netherlands

Kunstkammer - room of art

Wunderkammer - rooms of wonder

• More trade routes and merchants people are seeing things they haven’t seen before

• Wealthy people and artists would have these rooms

• Collaboration work

• Influence from the Renaissance with atmospheric perspective

Jan Davidsz de Heem, Still Life with Exotic Birds, Baroque in the Netherlands

Pronk still life - showy, over the top

• Very fancy and exotic things that people wouldn’t see or have very often

Frans Hals, Married Couple in a Garden: Portrait of Isaac Masa and Beatrix van der Laen, Baroque in the Netherlands

• Genre scene

• In casual dress, laughing and talking

• People being depicted with mouths open to show they are talking

• Very casual portrait

Judith Leyster, The Proposition, Baroque in the Netherlands

• Female artist

• Painting from the female perspective

• She is being propositioned by the man but she is not interested

• Dramatic, close cropping, dark color palette

Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait, Baroque in the Netherlands

Impasto - thick paint application

• Dark colors

• Dramatic

• Got a mirror so he could see himself

Jan Vermeer, Officer and Laughing Girl, Baroque in the Netherlands

• A lot of his paintings are lit from the side

• Mysterious painter (don’t know a lot about him)

• Close cropping, tenebrism

• Seems like he respects women

Baroque in France & England

• Focus on drama and emotion

• Seeing different ideas and artworks traded from region to region

• The shift of the art capitol (from Rome to Paris)

• Calling back artists who are citizens of France for publicity

Nicolas Poussin, The Death of Germanicus, Baroque in France and England

• One of the French artists that went to Italy, and was called back by the king who wanted France to be the art capital of the world

• Drama, movement, and intense colors

• His work was huge for the foundation of the academy

• Made a lot of history paintings

• Pioneered the death bed scene

Henri Testelin, after Charles Le Brun, The Expressions, Baroque in France and England

• Academy was the French school that the government founded to help make France the art capital of the world

• Taught facial expressions

• Looking back to the classical past

• Wanted everything to be as accurate as possible

Hyacinthe Rigaud, Portrait of Louis XIV, Baroque in France and England

• Wanted his legs to be depicted because he was a dancer

• Stength and power being depicted by his pose, stance, and clothing

• Interior setting

• Three quarter pose and rich colors

• Helping develop the academy and changing some of the architecture

Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Louis Le Vau, and Charles Le Brun. Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), Palace of Versailles, Baroque in France and England

• The king forced the government officials to live here

• Mirrors were very expensive (indication of strength and power)

Claude Lorrain, A Pastoral Landscape, Baroque in France and England

• Heirarchy of genres

• History paintings are viewed as the most important type of painting by the academy 

Rococo

• Poussinistes believe that line is the most important aspect of a painting

• Rubenistes believe that color is the most important aspect of a painting

• Lighter drama and color palettes

• Very lighthearted

• People are allowed to leave Versailles

• Sort of a diversion from real life

• Very lush environments

Jean-Antoine Watteau, Mezzetin, Rococo

Fête gallante - outdoor entertainment of French high society

• Very lush background

• Rococo expresses fantasy-like scenes

• Musician singing to the girl behind him who is a statue

Jean-Antoine Watteau, Gersaint’s Signboard Pompadour, Rococo

• Depicting the studio of one of his friends

• Was a reubenist (color)

François Boucher, Portrait of Madame de Pompadour, Rococo

• Bright colors

• Light and airy atmosphere

• Classic rococo

• Teals and pinks are very common in rococo work

• A lot of symbolism

• Trying to depict her as very knowledgeable (she was interested in academics)

Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing, Rococo

• Lush background

• Bright colors

• Commissioned work

• Romance between two individuals

• Symbolism

Nicolas Pineau. Room in the Hôtel de Varengeville, 217 Boulevard St. Germain, Paris, Rococo

• Rococo interiors always have gold gilding, white walls, pastel colors

Canaletto, The Bucintoro at the Molo, Rococo

• Artwork people would buy as a souvenir

Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

• New philosophy 

• Neoclassicism and romanticism

• Going through on of the first industrial revolutions

Empiricism - idea that knowledge comes from practical experience rather than abstract thought or religious revelation

Anton Raphael Mengs, Parnassus, Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

Neoclassicism - styles from the 18th century onwards that look back to the styles of the classic period of ancient Greece & Rome

• Looking back to the classical past

• Contrapasto pose, drapery, movement, atmospheric perspective, architecture

• Artists looking to revive classical past or create something new

Benjamin West, The Death of General Wolfe, Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

• History painting

• Death bed scene

• Neoclassicism can be associated with history paintings

Lord Burlington and William Kent. Chiswick House, near London, Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

• Classical architecture

• Based on Palladio’s four books of architecture

Henry Flitcroft and Henry Hoare II. Park at Stourhead, Wiltshire, England, Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

Picturesque - enough variety and beauty that makes something interesting to look at

• Emergence of the first industrial revolution

• Created landscape gardens so people could go into nature

• Currated to look natural, but everything is planned

• Typically have some type of architecture

• Escapism and picturesque

Hierarchy of Genres in the Academy

1. History Painting

2. Portraiture

3. Genre Painting

4. Landscapes

5. Still Life

George Stubbs, Lion Attacking a Horse, Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

Romanticism - beginning in the late 18th c. and continuing through much of the 19th c., a movement in music, literature, and visual arts that exalted in humanity’s capacity for emotion

Sublime - making the viewer interested in a painting, making them want to learn more about it, but not wanting to be there in real life

• Artists are aiming to make people feel sublime with their paintings

• Only wanted to paint specific things that he saw

• Darker color palette

William Blake, Nebuchadnezzar, Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii, Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

• History painting

• Linear technique

• Originally given this as a commission to paint the brother killing his sister

• Instead of going to large scale war three brothers will fight three brothers (Horatii brothers before battle)

• Heroic part of the painting and emotional part of the painting

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Grande Odalisque, Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

• Being interested in line itself

• Back is elongated because of interest in line

Théodore Géricault, The Raft of Medusa, Art in the Age of the Enlightenment

• History piece

Tenebrism

The intense contrast of light and dark in painting

Kunstkammer & Wunderkammer

Kunstkammer - room of art

Wunderkammer - rooms of wonder

Pronk Still life

Showy, over the top

Impasto

Thick paint application

Fête Gallante

Outdoor entertainment of French high society

Empiricism

Idea that knowledge comes from practical experience rather than abstract thought or religious revelation

Genre Painting

A picture of everyday life

Neoclassicism

Styles from the 18th century onwards that look back to the styles of the classic period of ancient Greece & Rome

Romanticism

Beginning in the late 18th c. and continuing through much of the 19th c., a movement in music, literature, and visual arts that exalted in humanity’s capacity for emotion