GLPH 171 - Module 5 (Final Exam Deck)

Those who inhabited a country or region prior to the arrival of later settlers and immigrants

Indigenous Peoples

What % of the population is Indigenous

~5%

How many Indigenous groups around the world?

~5000-6000 across 70 countries, 300-350 million individuals

Which 3 groups in Canada are defined as Indigenous Peoples

First Nations, Inuit, and Metis

How many Indigenous People are there in Canada?

~1.6 million

"Indians" is a term used to refer to what types of people?

specific persons with particular rights as stated in the Indian Act of 1876 or by the US government to refer to a recognized group in the census

The Treaty System

A set of treaties between the Canadian government and Indigenous peoples that exists as the basis of an alliance between the two groups

When was the Indian Act introduced?

1876 and revised in 1951

which 3 things did the Indian Act create?

Paternalistic wardship system, created reserves, and created the Treaty system

Pearson and Trumble (1996) definition of colonization

the process of establishing a colony or group of settlers in a new land or territory, whether previously inhabited or not, during which the settlers are both partially or fully subject to and accountable to their mother country of origin

USask definition of colonization

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically

Reasons that medicine was central to the colonial enterprise globally

- altruistic desire among those in colonizing nations to spread the benefits of western medicine

- the sense that western medicine is needed in communities elsewhere

- the desire to keep colonial settlements healthy

- the desire to keep the local workforce in colonial areas healthy

When did Canadian colonization begin?

1535

Which was NOT a disease that was unknown in Indigenous populations prior to contact with colonizers?

influenza

3 multiple choice options

How many inhabitants were there in NA prior to pre-european contact?

~18 million and 2000 languages

When did residential schools function from?

1880-1996

Two Primary Aims of the Residential School System

1) remove and isolate children from the influence of their home, families, traditions, and cultures

2) assimilate children into the dominate culture

How many children were forced to attend residential schools?

150,000

What are health concerns amongst Indigenous populations related to?

an increase in the incidence and prevalence of disease in Indigenous communities

3 causes for increased rates of disease amongst Indigenous populations

Changes to traditional lifestyle and diet, poverty and poor living conditions, trauma, justice, and social exclusion

Which Indigenous Population experiences the greatest food insecurity?

First Nation on-reserve

3 multiple choice options

What is the focus on food sovereignty movements?

regaining controls over food systems for Indigenous peoples

In 2016, which Indigenous group reported the highest rates of living in Crowded Housing

Inuit

3 multiple choice options

Which Indigenous population experienced the lowest median income in 2015?

First Nations on Reserve

3 multiple choice options

Females showed higher median income compared to males in which two Indigenous groups?

Inuit and registered on-reserve populations

According to the "In Plain Sight" report, Indigenous peoples experience what?

discrimination and other negative experiences in the healthcare system

Loss/Strength of Language, Culture, Heritage, Land Connection, Self-determination, and level of access to services are examples of what?

key determinants for indigenous people's health

What did the Gracey and King (2009) "Web of Being" show?

determinants that are unique to indigenous peoples

self-determination, language, culture, heritage, land resources, racism, poverty, dislocation, residential schools, and social exclusion fall under which level of determinants in the Web of Being model?

distal

3 multiple choice options

health systems, location, education systems, early childhood, environmental stewardship, justice, social services, and social exclusion fall under which level of determinants in the Web of Being model?

intermediate

Employment, income, social support networks, personal access to land, gender, food security, education, and gender fall under which level of determinants in the Web of Being model?

proximal

Differences in DOH across groups can be attributed to?

unique experiences of colonization and discrimination depending on the specific group as well as their geograph and culture

which indigenous group was subject to forced relocation as part of the government's desire to assert ownership in specific regions?

inuit

which indigenous group was often denied physical spaces for their communities?

metis

_______ communities are more affected by food insecurity and high imported food costs

remote

3 multiple choice options

conditions of public services in which type of communities are lower quality or limited?

on reserve communities

self-determination

the process of choosing freely, individually, or as a collective without any external compulsion

which determinant to scholars and community members highlight as the key DOH for Indigenous peoples

self-determination

The highest proportion of a population that self reports excellent or very good health falls between which age group

12-24

3 multiple choice options

T/F: A higher proportion of non-Indigenous versus Indigenous peoples report excellent or very good health across all age groups

T

which indigenous groups reported higher suicidal thought rates?

On reserve First Nations and Inuit

- mostly women

which indigenous group reports the highest rates of daily smoking and heavy drinking, as well as non-drinking?

Inuit

T/F: Indigenous peoples report LOWER rates of experienced violence in comparison to non-indigenous peoples

F -> they report higher rates generally

the ongoing process between indigenous peoples and non-indigenous peoples where a mutually respectful framework for living together and producing holistically, healthy, sustainable, and strong Indigenous nations within a strong Canada is strived for

Reconciliation

In ______, a formal apology from the federal government was issued for the residential school system

2008

In _____, the TRC report was released

2015

In _______, the Indigenous population has been growing in number and on average, is much younger than the overall Canadian population

2016

In ______, the government launched an investigation into the deaths and disappearances of more than 2000 murdered or missing Indigenous women and girls

2019

Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report (TRC)

addresses 94 calls to action that reflect a variety of categories on the road to reconciliation

How many of the 94 calls to action for the TRC have been achieved?

13

UNDRIP

a human rights instrument that can be used as a guide to set and compare standards for the survival, dignity, and wellbeing of Indigenous peoples

When was UNDRIP created?

2007

What is the focus of the UNDRIP?

the rights of Indigenous peoples to live with self worth; to sustain and fortify their own institutions, cultures, and traditions, and to continue working on their self-determined development, in conjunction with their own needs and desires

Exchange of tobacco is often used when ?

interacting with Indigenous elders

Often times, an advisory group is called to review requests or have community members lead the project when?

interacting with indigenous communities

The OCAP Principles

principles of ownership, control, access, and possession as sanctioned by the First Nations Information Governance Commitee

- outlines stewardship principles

Tri-Council Policy Statement 202

used by health practitioners and researchers

according to C9 of the TCPS 2022, researchers should do what when proposing research involving Indigenous participants?

advise their research ethics board on how they have appropriately engaged or intend to engage with the relevant Indigenous community