Sea Biology Final

What are organisms that live on or just below the surface film?

Neutson

What are organisms that float with parts extending above the surface relying on wind transport?

Pleuston

What causes photoinhibition?

Excess light

Eyes of epipelagic animals are _ than deep sea animals

bigger

Mahima photophores color changing depends on_

stress levels

When you have a warm artery going out in the fin and the cold artery is coming back into the body_

Countercurrent

Zooplankton participates in vertical migration which is_

migrating to the surface

What is the base of the food web?

Phytoplankton

Mesopelagic is also known as the _ because less than 1% light is coming through

Twilight zone

What zone is from 200 to 1000m deep?

Mesopelagic zone

What affects how far light comes down?

Turbulence

What is the temperature of the upper mesopelagic zone?

13-20C

What is the temp. Of the lower mesopelagic?

4C

What increases as you go down in depth?

Density

The halocline _ sharply, with the thermocline _ sharply when going down.

Increases, Decreases

What is the salinity of the upper mesopelagic zone?

33-34.5psu

What is the salinity of the lower mesopelagic zone?

35psu

POC:

particular organic carbon

Photosynthesis outcompetes respiration. More O2 is produced than consumed in this zone_

Epipelagic

Respiration outcompete photosynthesis because there is less light in this zone

Mesopelagic

No photosynthesis occurs but decomposed organic matter brings O2 in this zone

Deep sea

What also brings o2 into the deep sea zone?

Deep water currents

What zone is the oxygen minimum zone?

Mesopelagic

Cephalopods are considered as both_

plankton and nekton

The webbing between tentacles assist in_

Buoyancy

What are three types of bioluminescence?

Photophores, luminescent fluids, symbiotic bacteria

What strategy is used to deploy bioluminescence as a distraction?

Mucus

How many species of cephalopod participate in bioluminescence?

238

Bioluminescence occurs more in and by _

offshore equator

Where can photophores be found?

Tentacles, skin, internal organ

What is the emission of similar light wavelengths to natural light?

Counterillumination

Small body fish size in midwater fishes only occurs if they dont_

vertically migrate

Transparent teeth prevents prey items from noticing they are in the predators_

mouth

How do mesopelagic fishes deal with less food?

Living in productive epipelagic areas

Tubular eyes are able to look_

upward and forward

The secondary retina in some tubular eyes of midwater animals evolved for?

Increasing peripheral vision

Most deep sea animals lack these three things _

Eyes, Scales, Swim Bladders

The red black brown body color of deep sea animals are for

camouflage

Deep sea animals have _ muscles with _ skeletons

Flabby, Weak

What three systems are weakened in deep sea animals?

Nervous, circulatory, respiratory systems

Deep sea animals have _ mouths and _ teeth

large, sharp

What is an adaptation in deep-sea creatures that reduces the need for a nervous system?

Sit and wait strat

Deep-sea creatures have pressure resistant _ that would get denatured if it wasn’t for_

Enzymes, Stabilizing chemicals

What forms deep sea animals other than pressure?

High water and fat content

Whale falls can last for how many years?

50 to 100 years

How fast is carbon transported from whale falls compared to marine snow?

2000x faster

Stage 1 of whale fall is the mobile scavenger stage, this is when _ and takes _

Soft tissue is removed, 2 years for soft tissue to decompose completely

Stage 2 of whale fall is the Enrichment-Opportunistic stage; this is when larvae colonize the _ and makes sediment _ with organic falls.

Bones, rich

Stage 3 of whale fall is the Sulfophilic stage when _ come in a break down _ trapped in whale bones. This generates _

Sulfate-reducing bacteria, lipids, Hydrogen sulfide

What stage of whale fall lasts the longest by decades?

Stage 3

Stage 4 of whale fall is the reef stage; this is when the remnants are colonized by _ and _.

Suspension and filter feeders

Why do bioturbators avoid burrowing in seagrass meadows?

Too many roots

The leaves of seagrass reduce

Turbulence

What causes seagrass wasting disease? How?

Protist, hindering photosynthesis

What is used to map seagrass meadows?

GIS (Geographic information systems)

Boaters in shallow seagrass beds leave behind

Propeller scars

What is a stakeholder?

Anyone who utilizes a subject

What are artificial structures found in hard-bottom subtidal communities?

Shipwrecks, Boats

What organism dominates hard-bottom subtidal communities?

Sessile

What is a transient species?

Species that go through different environments to get to a destination

What kind of plant (vascular/non) is seagrass?

Vascular

How many feet does kelp grow a day?

2

Kelp needs what kind of water

Cold nutrient rich water

Fronds on surface or in midwater is what zone?

Canopy zone

Fronds erect or close to the bottom is what zone?

understory zone

Zone with Short clumps, filaments, and encrusting algae

Algal turf zone

Organize the vertical zonation of kelp from top to bottom

Canopy, Understory

What kelp doesn't reach the top of the water?

Elk kelp

Organize the horizontal zones of kelp starting from the shore to the deepest water

Inshore, Kelp canopy, offshore

What is a dense patch of kelp called?

Kelp bed

What is it called when fronds float on the surface?

Kelp forest

A mat created by the frons floating on the surface is called a

Canopy

What causes kelp to break so easily?

High drag

The average height a giant kelp can grow is

60 to 100 feet

The tallest giant kelps known is/was

300 feet

What organisms cause grazing pressure on kelp?

Snails, Carbs, Sea urchins, Fish

Isopods are another organism that causes grazing pressure on kelp, but it doesn’t eat the kelp. What do they do?

Burrow into holdfasts

How do kelp protect themselves from grazing?

Tough leathery tissue, blade regeneration

Grazers can be beneficial in what

Opening new spaces

Bulb Kelp are annual seasonality the die every

winter

Seasonality in seaweeds leads to_

increased biodiversity

Kelp that are not seasonal are

Penile

What occurs when resource availability at the lowest trophic levels control the food web?

Bottom-up Control

What occurs when higher trophic levels regulate the structure of lower levels?

Top-down Control

Whatever occurs at the _ trophic level affects the rest of the trophic levels

lowest

What factors cause sea urchin blooms?

Overfishing of predators and competitors

Higher larval recruitment of sea urchin is caused by

good conditions of temperature and nutrients

Nutrients for urchin larvae can come from pollution because

phytoplankton are dominant in polluted areas

What parasite can eliminate sea otters?

Taxoplasma gondii

El nino causes water to be

Warmer

El nina causes water to be

Colder

El nino causes_

severe storms, kelp mortality

El nina causes_

Stimulated recovery

The long spine urchin is a _ species that is moving up _

Invasive, north

How many ocean species depend on coral reefs?

¼

What is the overall economic monetary benefit of Coral Reefs?

$30-172billion

What are two categories of coral?

hard coral, soft coral

What is one species of stony coral?

Elkhorn coral

Elkhorn coral scientific name?

Acropora palmata

Stony coral is required for coral reefs because?

Soft corals depend on them to grow