Unit III US Hist 1302

Black Thursday

Occurred during the end of the great Bull Market in 1929 where 13 million shares were sold.

Black Tuesday

Occurred on October 29, 1929, where 16 million shares were sold and the market began losing $1/2$ its value in 2 weeks.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A 1930 protective tariff raised to $52\%$ which prevented Europeans from selling to or buying from the U.S., hindering their ability to pay war loans.

Reconstruction Finance Corp. (RFC)

Established in 1932 to use trickle down economics by giving $\$2 \text{ Billion}$ for banks to loan to railroads and industry; it ultimately failed to create enough jobs.

Bonus Army

A group of 15,000 to 20,000 WWI veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to collect a $\$1,000$ war bonus.

"Brain Trust"

A group of able advisors surrounding FDR, including Hopkins, Perkins, Ickes, and Frankfurter.

Fireside Chats

Soothing radio broadcasts used by FDR to give people hope and explain his actions, such as closing and examining banks.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

A 1933 program that provided $\$500 \text{ million}$ to states for direct aid, food, commodities, and work programs.

Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)

A 1933 initiative that provided jobs for $2.5 \text{ million}$ young men in army-type camps working in forests, wildlife areas, and on beaches.

National Youth Administration (NYA)

An agency providing part-time student employment to prevent high school and college students from dropping out.

Works Progress Admin. (WPA)

The largest New Deal agency established in 1935 with $\$5 \text{ billion}$ to put people to work on public works projects.

Public Works Admin. (PWA)

An agency led by Harold Ickes with a $\$3.3 \text{ Billion}$ budget to "prime the pump" by building roads, bridges, schools, and courthouses.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A 1933 project that controlled rivers to provide water energy and cheap electricity to one of the country's poorest regions.

Home Owners’ Loan Corp. (HOLC)

A 1933 agency designed to help people keep their homes by refinancing mortgages.

Federal Housing Admin. (FHA)

Established in 1934 to provide long-term mortgages insured by the federal government with low down payments of $10\%$.

Emergency Banking Act

A 1933 reform passed in 8 hours that closed and examined banks, reopening only those that were stable.

National Recovery Admin. (NRA)

A 1933 reform program that controlled and set minimum wages.

Agri. Adjustment Admin. (AAA)

A 1933 program that paid farmers a subsidy to decrease production and restricted acreage under cultivation.

Social Security Admin. (SSA)

A 1935 program based on $1\%$ of income providing pensions, disability (workman’s comp.), and aid to mothers with dependent children.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

An agency created to regulate the sale of stocks and the Stock Market.

Huey P. Long

A Louisiana Governor and Senator who challenged FDR from the left, proposing a $100\%$ tax on all income over $\$1 \text{ million}$..

Court Packing

FDR's plan to add 6 liberal justices to the Supreme Court to prevent his programs from being ruled unconstitutional.

Frances Perkins

A New Deal appointee who served as the Secretary of Labor.

Eleanor Roosevelt

A very independent First Lady and activist for social justice who held press conferences and wrote weekly columns.

Missionary intervention

A component of Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy focused on spreading the protestant religion.

Victoriano Huerta

A conservative Mexican dictator and anti-democratic leader whose violent rise to power appalled Woodrow Wilson.

U.S.S. Dolphin

The American ship whose sailors were arrested in Mexico, leading Wilson to send troops to Vera Cruz.

Venustiano Carranza

The leader who took power in Mexico with a constitutional government after the ABC mediation removed Huerta.

Poncho Villa

A Mexican leader who attacked civilians on a Mexican train and raided Columbus, New Mexico, to provoke U.S. conflict with Carranza.

John J. Pershing

The American General who led several thousand troops into Northern Mexico to chase Villa and later commanded U.S. forces in France.

Triple Entente

The alliance also known as the Allied Powers, consisting of Britain, France, Russia, and later others like Italy and Japan.

Triple Alliance

The alliance also known as the Central Powers, consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey.

Archduke Ferdinand

The Austrian leader whose assassination in Sarajevo by a Serbian Nationalist served as the immediate trigger for World War I.

August 4, 1914

The date Britain declared war on Germany after Germany entered neutral Belgium to attack France.

Lusitania

A ship sunk by a German U-20 submarine on May 7, 1915, resulting in 1,200 deaths, including 128 Americans.

Zimmerman Telegram

A January 1917 message from the German Foreign Minister to the German Minister to Mexico offering U.S. territory to Mexico for joining the German cause.

Creel Committee

Also known as the Committee on Public Spirit, led by George Creel, it mobilized public opinion in favor of the war through journalists, artists, and film.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Legislation passed between 1917 and 1918 to silence opposition to the war and enforce loyalty.

Liberty Cabbage

The name given to sauerkraut during the war as part of the anti-German "Americanization" movement.

The Great Migration

The movement of 400,000 Black Americans to the North during the war to fill industrial and government jobs.

War Industries Board

A government agency that directed manufacturing production, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices with guaranteed profits.

Doughboys

A nickname for the young, healthy, and often romanticized American soldiers who served in Europe.

Armistice

The agreement to end fighting in World War I, which took effect on November 11, 1918, at 11:00 am.

14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's peace plan which included national self-determination, an end to secret treaties, and the creation of the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace treaty that forced Germany to accept "War Guilt," pay $33$ billion in reparations, and lose its colonies.

League of Nations

An international organization developed to settle disputes, which the United States never joined due to Senate opposition.

Assembly Line

Production method used after the war to create cheaper consumer-based products, such as the automobile.

Henry Ford

Pioneer of the first car around $1904$ who introduced assembly line production in $1913$ and paid workers $\$5$ for an $8$-hour day.

Model T

An affordable car introduced in $1908$ that cost between $\$500 - \$650$ and was famously available in black only.

Alfred Sloan

Leader of General Motors who challenged Ford by offering more expensive cars in diverse colors and introducing the idea of buying on credit.

David Sarnoff

President of NBC, a company that dominated the huge radio business during the $1920s$.

The Jazz Singer

Released in $1927$, it was the first "Talkie" movie following the development of sound.

Charles Lindbergh

Trans-Atlantic flyer whose flight glorified American technology and made him one of the world's most recognized figures.

Dupont

Chemical company that diversified from gunpowder into textiles like Rayon, as well as paints, dyes, and artificial sponges.

Babe Ruth

The most popular athlete and symbol of the Roaring $20s$, known for big cars, nice clothes, and a flamboyant lifestyle.

Marcus Garvey

Founder of the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) who promoted racial pride and economic independence for Black Americans.

Zora Hurston

Author who collected and interpreted Afro-American folktales into books such as Mules and Men.

Cotton Club

Harlem venue owned by bootleggers where Black musicians like Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong played for predominately White patrons.

The Lost Generation

Literary movement characterized by pessimism and disillusionment following WWI, featuring authors like F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Al Capone

Organized crime leader who became wealthy through bootlegging during the Prohibition era.

Speakeasies

Illegal clubs that served alcohol during the period of Prohibition.

Flappers

Young women known for short hair, short dresses, smoking, and a fast style of dancing.

Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who, with J. Edgar Hoover, led the "Soviet Ark" deportations to round up suspected Communists.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian Anarchists and labor organizers who were executed for robbery and murder during a time of widespread hysteria.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Nativist group that grew significantly in the North and Midwest during the $1920s$, targeting those who were not American-born and Protestant.

Immigration Restriction 1924

Legislation that used the $1890$ census to reduce Asian and Slavic immigration to $2\%$ of that year's numbers.

Scopes Trial

Legal battle in Dayton, Tennessee, regarding a teacher who challenged the law against teaching evolution, involving William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow.

Aimee Semple MacPherson

California evangelist and urban fundamentalist who was the first to get a radio license and used an orchestra in her temple.

Warren G. Harding

Republican President from $1920 - 1923$ whose administration was dominated by the Ohio Gang and the Teapot Dome scandal.

Calvin Coolidge

Stoic Republican President known as "Silent Cal" whose philosophy was "The business of America is business."

Al Smith

The first Catholic to run for President; he was a New York Democrat, an immigrant's son, and a "wet" opponent of prohibition.

Herbert Hoover

Republican mining engineer and cabinet member elected in $1928$ who was expected to continue national prosperity.