Vet 113 unit 2 review

Ventral

toward the belly

cranial

toward the head

anterior

front of the body

rostral

toward the nosec

cephalic

toward the head

medial

toward the midline

superior

uppermost, above, or toward the head

proximal

near the point of attachment

superficial

toward the surface

palmar

caudal surface of the front paw

dorsal

toward the back

caudal

toward the tail

posterior

toward the rear of the body

lateral

away from the midline

inferior

lowermost, below, or toward the tail

distal

away from the point of attachment

deep

away from the surface

plantar

caudal surface of the rear paw

midsagittal/median plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

sagittal plane

divides the body into unequal left and right halves

dorsal plane (frontal plane)

the plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) parts

transverse plane

divides the body into cranial and caudal parts

anatomy

the study of body structure

physiology

the study of body function

pathology

study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions

pathophysiology

study of changes in function caused by disease

etiology

study of disease causes

-logist

specialist

dental arcade

arrangement of teeth in mouth

lingual surface

aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue

palatal surface

tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue

buccal surface

aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek

occlusal surface

aspects of the teeth that meet when the animal chews

labial surface

tooth surface facing the lips

cranial cavity

contains the brain

spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

abdominal cavity

contains primarily the major organs of digestion

peritoneal cavity

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

pelvic cavity

the space formed by the hip bones; contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

dorsal recumbency

lying on the back

ventral recumbency

lying on the belly

left lateral recumbency

lying on the left side

right lateral recumbency

lying on the right side

adduction

movement toward the midline of the body

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

flexion

decreases the angle of a joint

extention

increases joint angle

hyperextention

flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits

supination

rotating the limb so that the palmar surface is turned upward

pronation

rotating the limb so that the palmar surface is turned downward

cyt/o

cell

tissue

group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function

histology

study of tissues

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epithelial tissue

a body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

connective tissue

a body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

adipose tissue

fat

muscle tissue

a body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move

nervous tissue

tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals

anaplasia

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

aplasia

lack of development of an organ or tissue or a cell

dysplasia

abnormal growth or development of an organ or a tissue or a cell

hyperplasia

abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ tissue

hypoplasia

incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue or a cell

neoplasia

any abnormal growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive

benign

mild, not cancerous

malignant

tending to spread and be life threating. Cancerous

atrophy

decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell

dystrohy

defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell

hypertrophy

increase in the size of an organ or tissue or cell

glands

groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body

exocrine glands

secrete chemicals substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

organ

part of the body that performs a special function or functions

oste/o, oss/e, oss/i

bonea

arthr/o

joint

chondr/o

cartilage

my/o

musclef

fasc/i, faasci/o

fascia

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

cardi/o

heart

arteri/o

arteries

ven/o, phleb/o

vein

hem/o, hemat/o

blood

lymph/o

lymph

tonsill/o

tonsils

splen/o

spleen

thym/o

thymus

nas/o, rhin/o

nose

pharyng/o

pharynx

trache/o

trachea

laryng/o

larynx

pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulm/o, pulmon/o

lung

or/o, stomat/o

mouth

esophag/o

esophagus

gastr/o

stomach

enter/o

small intestine

col/o, colon/o

large intestine

hepat/o

liver