Meosis/Mitsosis terms

Mitosis- Cell Reproduction

Dulicating and spliting cells- Daugther Cells

Identicial Cells

Same dna

Sexual Reproduction

Two Partners with DNA using reprodution- Meosis

Meosis

egg fetiliztion

Asexual Reproduction

No partner needed- Mitosis

Mitosis

growth and matinece of cells on their own without partner

Cell cycle controls

Cell divison and regulates so there isnt massive cell growth

Excessive Cell division

Can cause tumors- which is cancer

Mitosis stands for

Poor men are teachers- Prophase, Prometaphase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase, Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis in animal Cells

Clevage like structure

Cytokinesis In Plant Cells

Cell plate splitting into 2 cell walls

Mitosis

Chromosones replicating

Cytokinesis

Dividing Cells

Fuction of Spindle Fibers

Centrameners- Line up and pull duplicate chromosones

What Important characteristics depend on mitioic cell divison

Growth, development, Repair

Sex Cells are also called

Gametes

Homologus

same location of chromosomes but different genes

Example Of Homolgus

Ear wax or eye color but different location

Diploid- Mitosis

For plant cells

Haploid- Meosis

For sex cells

Sister Chromotids

the two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome that are joined together by a central structure called a centromere

Meosis vs Mitosis

Meosis and mitosis has both PMRT but Mitosis has phase 1 and phase 2 of PMRT

Vartiaon and Sexual Reproduction

Gurante healthy survival

What is the function of ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?

Synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

During which stage is most ATP generated?

Electron transport chain

What is an enzyme's role in a reaction?

It lowers the activation energy required for the reaction

What is generated from the Krebs cycle?

NADH and FADH₂, which are used in the electron transport chain

What is the purpose of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

It drives ATP synthesis using ATP synthase

Which is a product of the citric acid cycle?

NADH, CO2,FADH

What occurs during fermentation when oxygen is not present?

Cells convert pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol

What role does oxygen play in cellular respiration

It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

What is the energy currency of the cell?

ATP

Which is a waste product of aerobic cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide

What is the primary function of NADH?

To carry electrons to the electron transport chain

What molecule is produced from the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis?

Pyruvate

Which type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells?

Lactic acid fermentation

What is the role of coenzymes like NAD⁺ and FAD during the Krebs cycle?

D. To accept electrons and become reduced

What energy transformation occurs during photosynthesis?

Light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in glucose

What happens to usable energy when energy is transformed in biological systems?

It decreases as entropy increases

In what cellular structure is DNA housed?

Nucleus

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

Germ cells

Which phase of mitosis involves sister chromatids moving to opposite poles?

Anaphase

Which of the following is a key feature of meiosis that distinguishes it from mitosis?

Genetic Recombination

Which of the following is a key feature of meiosis that distinguishes it from mitosis?

Genetic recombination

Where is Dna stored

Nucleus

Which process describes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

Genetic Recondition

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Crossing over

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

a. Prophase I

What is a key difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division

Which of the following correctly describes the result of meiosis I?

Two haploid cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes

Why is it important for gametes to be haploid in sexually reproducing organisms?

To maintain the chromosome number in the zygote after fertilization

What type of genetic disorder can result from nondisjunction during meiosis?

Down syndrome

How do gametes contribute to genetic diversity in offspring?

Through mitotic division

Which term describes the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis?

Nondisjunction

If a diploid organism has a haploid number of 7, how many chromosomes are present during metaphase I of meiosis?

14 chromosomes

Which of the following statements is true regarding homologous chromosomes?

They carry genes that control the same traits but may have different alleles

In what way do alleles contribute to genetic variation?

Different versions of the same gene can produce varied phenotypes

What is the primary purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

To produce gametes with half the genetic material of the parent cell

Which process describes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

Crossing over

Mitosis

Used for growth, repair, and replacement of body cells

Meosis

Used for sexual reproduction aka sex cells

What happens during Interphase (before mitosis starts) in mitosis?

Cell growsDNA replicates

G₁ Phase- interphase (Mitosis) - planet cells

The cell grows physically, increases its volume of proteins and organelles, and performs its normal metabolic functions.

S phase- Interphase (Mitosis)

The cell synthesizes a complete copy of its nuclear DNA.

G2 phase- Interphase (Mitosis)

The cell continues to grow, produces the proteins and lipids required for division, and reorganizes its contents. It serves as a final safety check, ensuring that DNA has been accurately replicated and is free from damage.

Prophase- Mitosis

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes and Spindle fibers start forming

Metaphase - Mitosis

Middle of the cell- Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and Sister chromatids remain attached

Anaphase- Mitosis

Sister chromatids separate and Chromatids move to opposite poles

Telophase-Mitosis

Two nuclei form- arrive at opposite ends and Nuclear membranes reform so Chromosomes begin uncoiling

Meosis 2

Make gametes and cut sister chromatids number in half (2n → n)

Cytokinesis-Mitosis

2- Diploid same cells- Cytoplasm divides and Cell splits into two daughter cells

Meiosis 1

Make gametes and cut Homoilougus chromosome number in half (2n → n)

Meiosis 1- only seprates homologus chromosomes- Sex cells

Homologous chromosomes separate.

Prophase I- Meosis 1

Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) Crossing over occurs then Spindle fibers form and Nuclear envelope breaks down

Mitosis

Maintain chromosome number (2n → 2n)

Prometaphase I-Meosis 1

Nuclear membrane disappears and Spindle fibers attach to homologous chromosomes

Cytokinesis II-Meosis 2

The two cells divide again to produce:

4 haploid genetically unique cells

Metaphase I- Meosis 1

Homologous chromosome pairs line up in the middle- meta

Anaphase I- Meosis 1

Homologous chromosomes separate and Sister chromatids stay together-

Telophase II-Meosis 2

Chromosomes reach poles and New nuclei form

Telophase I

Chromosomes reach opposite poles and Nuclei may reform

Anaphase II-Meosis 2

Sister chromatids separate and Move toward opposite poles

Cytokinesis I- Meosis

The cell divides into 2 haploid cells and Each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids.

Meosis 2

separates sister chromatids

Prophase II- Meosis 2 (no interphase)

Spindle fibers form and Nuclear membrane breaks down if present

Metaphase II-Meosis 2

Chromosomes line up individually in the middle- meet/ meta

Prometaphase II-Meosis 2

Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids

Metaphase II-Meosis 2

Chromosomes line up individually in the middle- meet/ meta

Anaphase II-Meosis 2

Sister chromatids separate and Move toward opposite poles

Telophase II-Meosis 2

Chromosomes reach poles and New nuclei form

Cytokinesis II-Meosis 2

The two cells divide again to produce:4 haploid genetically unique cells

Mitosis

Maintain chromosome number (2n → 2n)

Meiosis 1

Make gametes and cut Homoilougus chromosome number in half (2n → n)

Meosis 2

Make gametes and cut sister chromatids number in half (2n → n)