Respiratory, Blood, Urinalysis, and Digestion Lab Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering respiratory volumes, blood typing, urinalysis markers, and digestive enzymes from the laboratory lecture notes.

Tidal volume ($TV$)

The amount of air moved during a normal breath.

Inspiratory reserve volume ($IRV$)

Extra air inhaled after a normal inhale.

Expiratory reserve volume ($ERV$)

Extra air exhaled after a normal exhale.

Residual volume ($RV$)

Air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation; it cannot be measured directly in spirometry and prevents lung collapse.

Vital capacity ($VC$)

Maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximum inhale; calculated as $VC = TV + IRV + ERV$.

Total lung capacity ($TLC$)

The total amount of air the lungs can hold, calculated as $TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV$.

Functional residual capacity ($FRC$)

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal passive exhalation, calculated as $FRC = ERV + RV$.

Inspiratory capacity ($IC$)

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration, calculated as $IC = TV + IRV$.

Main stimulus for breathing

Increased $CO_2$ or increased $H^+$; $CO_2$ lowers blood pH by forming carbonic acid.

Hyperventilation

An increase in breathing that lowers $CO_2$ before breath-holding, thereby increasing breath-holding time.

Intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration

Pressure that becomes lower than atmospheric pressure to move air into the lungs.

Diaphragm during inspiration

Contracts and flattens, causing the thoracic cavity volume to increase.

Diaphragm during expiration

Relaxes and rises, causing the thoracic cavity volume to decrease.

Restrictive disease

A conceptual category of diseases that limit lung expansion, such as pulmonary fibrosis.

Obstructive disease

A conceptual category of diseases that limit airflow out of lungs, such as asthma and $COPD$.

Hematocrit

The percentage of blood made of $RBCs$; a low reading suggests anemia or reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.

Buffy coat

The layer of a centrifuged blood sample composed of white blood cells and platelets.

Agglutination

The clumping of $RBCs$ that occurs when antibodies bind to matching antigens; indicates the presence of a specific antigen.

Universal donor

Blood type $O^-$, which lacks $A$, $B$, and $Rh$ antigens.

Universal recipient

Blood type $AB^+$, which lacks anti-$A$ and anti-$B$ antibodies.

Glucose in urine

Normally absent because it is reabsorbed; presence suggests blood glucose exceeds reabsorption capacity, often due to diabetes.

Protein in urine

Indicates the filtration barrier is becoming permeable, often suggesting kidney damage.

Nitrites in urinalysis

Suggests bacterial infection because certain bacteria convert nitrates into nitrites.

Amylase

An enzyme that digests starch into maltose; salivary amylase functions in the mouth and pancreatic amylase functions in the small intestine.

Iodine test

A test for starch where blue-black indicates presence and amber/brown indicates absence.

Benedict’s test

A test for reducing sugars where blue is negative and green, yellow, orange, or red indicate increasing sugar levels.

Pepsin

An enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach and functions best in acidic $pH$.

Albumin

A protein produced by the liver that maintains osmotic pressure in blood.

Lipase

The enzyme responsible for the chemical digestion of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Bile salts

Substances produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that emulsify fats to increase surface area for lipase.

Lipid digestion indicator change

The change from pink to clear as the solution becomes more acidic due to the production of fatty acids.