9th grade Bio final

what does a organism be considered to be a living thing

cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, adaption from evolution

(atom,element,molecule) the smallest unit of matter that forms a element

atom

(atom,element,molecule) a pure substance made of only one kind of atom

element

(atom,element,molecule) a group of atoms bonded together

molecule

what is the charge of a proton

positive

what is the charge of a nuetron

no charge

what is the charge of a electron

negative

what does CHONPS stand for

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

what is this: forms when 2 or more elements chemically combine to form a bond between them

compound

2 types of compounds

Ionic and covalent

Ionic bond

form when electrons are transferred. Positively/negatively charged ions are formed

covalent bond

forms when electrons are shared. Moles are formed. Can be polar or non polar.

What are the properties of water

Cohesion, adhesion, heat capacity, universal solvent, capillary action, surface tension

mixture

two or more substances physically combined

solution

mixture in which components are evenly distributed

solute

substance that is dissolved

solvent

substance doing the dissolving

suspension

when a material does not dissolve in water

PH scale ions

solutions have different amounts of 2 important ions—> H+ and OH-

PH scale

measurement system to show the concentration of H+ in a solution

more H+ (#)

acidic (low #)

less H+

basic (low #)

Buffers

maintaining PH within cells keeps homeostasis

Taxonmony

classifying name of a organism

Eukaryote

has a nucleus

prokaryote

doesnt have nucleus

Cell wall of plants, fungi, bacteria

cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan

DKPCOFGS

domain, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species

what are the 6 kingdoms

animalia, plantae, protista, fungi, archaea, eubacteria

animal characteristics

multicellular, eukaryote, heterotrophic, live in diverse environments, reproduce with a mate, is aerobatic

Plant characteristics

multicellular, eukaryote, cell contains chlorophyll used to make own food (producers) and gives green color (photosynthesis), made of cellulose, have a cell wall, autotroph

protist characteristics

complex, unicellular life forms, usually seen under microscopes, can be parasites that cause illness, can make its own food or feed othersm eukaryote, very diverse, ex: amoeba, algae

fungi characteristics

eukaryotic, most are unicellular decomposers, parasitic plants that are not true plants, they dont have chlorophyll, have chitin as body, ex: mushroom, yeast, bread mold

archaea characteristics

simplist type of organism, thrive in extreme environments, prokaryotic, unicellular

eubacteria characteristics

found everywhere in the world other than extreme environments, unicellular, prokaryote, some are autotrophic and heterotrophic, killed by antibiotics, asexual

Molecules containing carbon are….

organic

macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

carbohydrates monomer and polymer

monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Carbohydrates elements

CHO

Structure of carbohydrates

simple sugars, monosaccharides, and disaccharide

Function of carbohydrates

main source of energy for living things

Lipid elements

CH little O

what are the 3 general structures of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

shape of lipids

job for lipids

store energy for later, protect organs, hormones are lipids, make up the cell membrane

nucleic acid elements

CHONP

nucleic acid monomer, polymer

nucleotide, DNA/RNA

3 parts of nucleic acids

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base(a,t,c,g,u)

Proteins elements

CHONS

monomer and polymer of Proteins

amino acids, polypeptides

amino acids consist of..

amino group, carboxyl group, and function group (r group)

function of Proteins

reaction, repair, support, transport, fight illness

structure of protein

enzymes reduce….

activation energy

enzymes are….

proteins

does transcription or translation come first

transcription

liver

produces bile, breaks up fat, filters out waste

gallblader

stores bile, releases into small intensite, fatty acids cause gall stones

pancreas

produces digestive enzymes to digect fats, carbs and proteins, regulates blood sugar by insulin

vacuole (plant, animal, bacteria)

sacklike, membrane enclosed storage organelles, stores water, salt, protein, carbohydrates (P/A)

cytoplasm (plant, animal, bacteria)

P/A/B, jelly

nucleus (plant, animal, bacteria)

P/A

Lysosome (plant, animal, bacteria)

enzymes break down L/C (A)

Centriole (plant, animal, bacteria)

organize cell (A)

Ribosomes (plant, animal, bacteria)

where proteins are made, amino acids form proteins, follows directions in DNA

Rough ER(plant, animal, bacteria)

has ribosomes attached that make proteins (P/A)

Smooth ER(plant, animal, bacteria)

make lipids, stores enzymes (P/A)

Mitochondria (plant, animal, bacteria)

power house of the cell, produces ATP through cellular respiration. (P/A)

Chloroplast (plant, animal, bacteria)

capture sunlight, and create glucose during photosynthesis, green pigment=chlorophyll (P)

Cell membrane (plant, animal, bacteria)

flexible, lipid bilayer, what enters and exits the cell, outer most layer of animal cells, fluid mosaic (P/B/A)

cell wall (plant, animal, bacteria)

protects cell, made of cellulose, surronds prokaryotes, fungi, plant cells, outside cell membrane (P/B)

Cytoskeleton (plant, animal, bacteria)

complex tubes all over the cell (P/A/B)

diffusion

passive movement of molecules, high to low until equilibrium

osmosis

water across a semi permeable membrane (ALWAYS WATER)

Isotonic

same inside and outside

hypertonic

more solution inside

hypotonic

more solution outside

facilitated

channel protein (high to low) no energy needed

active transport

ions/molecules across membrane against gradient from low to high, ATP needed

gametes

sex cells that unite during reproduction, such as sperm and eggs.

autosomal

body cell

end of mitosis

2 daughter diploid cells, genetically identical to parent and each other (DIPLOID)

end of meiosis

4 daughter haploid cells, genetically different to parent and each other (HAPLOID)

6 phases of cell

division: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

cell respiration

chemical process of taking in sugar and creating ATP in mitochondria (plant,fungi,protist,animal)

photosynthesis

chemical process of taking in sunlight and CO2 to create food (glucose) , in chloroplasts (plants, algea)

pedigrees

of trait skips=recessive, autosomal seen in male/female, sex linked in one sex

commensalism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

mutalism

A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the interaction.

parastism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another, often harming the host.

predation

A biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and consumes another organism, the prey.

SRY gene

A gene on the Y chromosome that is crucial for male sex determination and development.

incomplete dominance

A genetic situation where one allele is not completely dominant over another, resulting in a phenotype that is a blending of both alleles. red+white=pink

codominance

A genetic scenario where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, resulting in offspring with a phenotype that shows both traits simultaneously, such as red and white flowers appearing together. red+white=speckled red and white

combustion

burning of fossil fuels for heat

arrows show??

where energy is going

egg+sperm=??

zygote

human gametes

haploid”one set” of chromosomes, 23 total

pair 23

sex cells

pairs 1-22

autosomes