Geography - CSMP

History of migration to Brick Lane

1680s - Huguenots came from France establishing a weaving community

1845 - Irish weavers came after the collapse of their linen trade and the potato famine

1881 - Assassination of Russian Tsar meant that Eastern European Jews

1950s - End of WW2 meant that Muslims from Bangladesh who served in UK Navy moved here

59 Brick Lane - was a Church, then a synagogue and then Brick Lane Jamme Masjid (mosque)

Place details about Brick Lane

55% of people aged 20-39

40% Bangladeshi/Muslim

37% live alone

Spitalfields silk industry

north side more fashion retail, south side more food

Nearest park is Rhoda Street Open Space but otherwise very limited

2024 GE voted labour with 34.1% of vote

Local/regional connections - Brick Lane

East London Tech City investment plan £50 million including the Brick Lane area, wanted it to become a UK silicon valley

Affected by gentrification with hipster hangouts such as UK’s first cereal-only cafe and pop up slushy cocktail bar

Was lots of tourism - particularly during the days of the docklands

National connections - Brick Lane

Chain stores such as Pret A Manger and the £21.4 million Premier Inn have changed the socio-economic landscape

There are high proportions of students (particularly in the arts) compared to the rest of London

International connections - Brick Lane

France - Huguenots arrival in the 1700s - protestants and fleeing the persecution of Louis 14th

SE Asia - after many Bangladeshis served in the UK navy in ww2

Colonial Empire - more likely to be of these nationalities and more likely to meet immigration criteria

EU - when Schengen agreement, lots of immigration as shown by 70% remain vote and political graffiti at the time

Truman’s Brewery was one of the largest in the world at the end of the 19th century

CHAIN MIGRATION

Historical dated DS

1953 - Separate Amenities Act

1950 - Group Areas Act

1966 - area being declared a white area as it was ‘prime property’

1967 - began moving 60,000 people 15km away onto the Cape Flats

Key facts DS

60,000 people moved onto Cape flats - 25km away

1700-1900 families living in D6 before

135 families returned

only 42 HE of 150 left to build on

cost £30m to relocate people

Cultural place profile DS

D6 museum - established in December 1994 to preserve the memory and remember the history of segregation - also a public place which is significant

8 mosques and churches have been declared for heritage status

Zonnebloem (name for D6 when it became a ‘white aera’) is in the process of being changed back to DS - 2020 officially renamed by the Wester Cape provincial geographical names committee

Demographics DS

Mixed due to the apartheid

Lots of young people due to Cape Technikon but these are not permanent

Small scale resettlement of the families that moved away but many cannot afford and so some live in tents

Natural environment D6

Coastal city - Atlantic Ocean

Table Mountain National Park has 4.2 million annual visitors and 8200 plant species

But ‘salted earth’ wasteland - won’t be touched by developers due to political history

Socio-economic D6

Avg. House price - £50,000-100,000

Regeneration has an estimated cost of £540 million

Growth of tourism to benefit land claimants

Land Restitution Act 22 of 1994 granted those who had been dispelled the right to reclaim their land - only 139 have

some informal settlement growth

Built Environment D6

Mix of high value residential areas and desolate land

Cape Technikon takes up 50% of the area and only uni campus in Cape Town downtown area

Museum in an old Methodist church

8 Mosques and churches declared Religious Heritage sites

National Route 2 (N2) one of the busiest highways with thousands passing through the district

Local/regional connections D6

1950 Group Areas Act led to segregation and the eventual movement of 1966 - lots of money left the area due to the demolition of homes and businesses

Cape Technikon has 32,000 students - largest in the province

National Party won the 1948 election which led to the start of the Apartheid

National connections D6

national tourism in the area could be a significant factor in those who were forced to migrate elsewhere

International connections D6

Site of international significance and social progression so gets lots of tourism - especially for those visiting general city / national park

Why could there be a lack of flows in D6

Lack of investment for fear of protest in such a politically charged area - why there is such a stark difference in the built environment

Alcatraz for different people - the prisoners

Almost 2000 at peak with less than 5% being female

An island in the centre of San Francisco Bay facing the Pacific Ocean

over 200 executions in its 29 years of operation (1934-63)

The prisoners weren’t allowed visitors

Alcatraz for different people - the civilians on the Island

300 civilians - ‘small town with a big jai’

12 boats a day took the children to school

Felt so safe they didn’t even lock their doors

‘I have nothing but happy memories from living there’

Alcatraz for different people - Native Americans

Pre-1700s the First Nations Ohlone People inhabited the island but they lost it as a part of the ethnic cleansing and genocide experienced nationally

They took it back on November 20th 1969 (Indians of all tribes) and lived there for 19 months before President Nixon passed legislation to improve their lives and rights

World Trade Centre before 9/11

Competitive, aggressive and rowdy

Jon Anderson ‘Icon of corporate capitalism’

50,000 full time jobs

were the tallest buildings in the world at the time of construction in 1973

symbol of Western capitalism and the financial elite

9/11 memorial and museum after 9/11

Memorial opened 2011, museum 2014

$10bn damage to infrastructure, 3000 deaths and 6000 injured

sombre feel - central to tourism

Three key drivers of globalisation

1. Improvements in transport - London to Cape Town 2014 10-12 days vs 2016 12-18 hours - also time-space compression

2. Improvements in communication - rise of mobile phone users, also means people can access news and media so ideas and trends spread across the globe faster

3. TNC’s - comparative advantage and outsourcing means they have spread across the globe fast - leading to homogenised areas

informal vs formal representation

informal - ‘Do they know its Christmas?’ Band Aid - Nile, Mount Kilimanjaro, Equatorial Guinea has the same GDP per capita as the UK. Also, photo of Paraisopolis favella in Brazil shows the start inequality but could show a very different depiction of the area if cropped in either way

formal - in African it is often very inaccurate anyway, due to the fact that many births are not recorded, many people live in informal settlements, data becomes quickly outdates and there is very infrequent collection

Factors affecting place perception

Age, gender, religion, role in society, sexuality

Define structural economic change

When an economy changes the makeup of its economic base - developing countries tend to follow Clark-Fisher Model

How has globalisation affected the structure of UK employment

Comparative advantage - global trade expanding means that TNC’s outsource to countries with lower labour costs, leading to a decline in secondary industry

Increased outsourcing and offshoring - reduces number of jobs in the UK of this type

Growth in part-time and temporary jobs - globalisation has facilitated the rise of flexible, part-time and gig economy jobs as companies can tap into the moving global workforce

Demand for more skilled jobs - global competition has elevated the need for a higher skilled workforce in sectors e.g. technology engineering and finance - changing the labour market to favour higher education

Cambridge facts

avg. house price 14x higher than avg. yearly wage

10 year life expectancy difference between Newnham and King’s Hedges

0.46 Gini Co-efficient - most unequal city in the UK

only 8/31 colleges pay their staff a ‘real living wage’

top 6% take home 19% whilst bottom 20% take home 2%

39.2% of city council housing residents don’t have access to internet

factors affecting inequality in Cambridge

Gender - £6000 difference in medial annual wage between men and women

Health - environment over time e.g. green spaces, surrounding smokers

Age - 1/5 pensioner households claiming benefits, younger people cannot get on housing ladder

Spatially inequality in Cambridge

University is concentrated in a smaller area which means much council investment happens here - despite the fact this is where the majority of tourism occurs

Addenbrookes and medical campus - area of highly educated and employed people drives up house prices and leads to this area being dominated by a specific demographic

Facts about Kibera - Nairobi

>1/2 of the city’s 3 million population live in slums and 700,000-1,000,000 of these in Kibera - though the slums only take up 1.5% of the city

Gov won’t let aid in as they think it will affirm the existence of the area

Average annual income is $240 and average yearly rent in $120 so many people cannot afford it

22% have electricity in the slums vs 55% in the city as a whole

Spatial inequality - Nairobi

Nairobi Hill where the climate is cooler and it is further from the swampier diseased city centre - originally demographically divided by race but now just by wealth - golf course and parks

In the CBD there are the parliament buildings, commerce and shopping, originally established as a British Colonial trading link and so now hugely important in the economic hub of East Africa

Gov intervention in reducing social inequality

Cuts to NHS - 14.9% of people have to wait more than 4 hours in 2023/24 - affects lowest income the most

Progressive taxation - any worker has to be 40% tax above £50,271

Uneven transport investment - spend per person is almost £400 greater in London than compared to the national average

Define a boom and recession

Boom - where real national output is rising at a rate faster than the trend rate of growth

Recession - a fall in the level of real national output for two yearly quarters

History of trade in Birmingham

1166 - Bermingham family purchased a royal charter allowing them to hold a market

1761 - Boulton established the world’s first factory employing 700 people

1800s - Cadbury family Bourneville factory

1917 - Dunlop tyre company, employed 10,000

Decline in trade for what reason

1950s - unemployment lower than 1% m(was then at 19.4% in 1982)

1970s - British vehicle industry declining due to foreign competition

1973 - Arab-Israeli war places an embargo on weaponised oil supplies increasing price tenfold

Players in changes in Birmingham - government, planning and flagship, transport

gov - helped promote the city as a site of change for investment, built the NEC and the expansion of Birmingham International Airport, schemes such as City Challenge were used to fund redevelopment on a more local scale

Planning and flagship - physical changes such as Victoria Park, Symphony Hall was funded by the EU and opened in 1991

Transport - £700 million New Street station, also impacted private players such as John Lewis and created 1000 new jobs

Rebranding - Big City Plan

Plan from 2010-2030, predicted to cost £10bn looking at transforming the city to a world class city centre

50,000 new jobs

Expanding the city centre by 25%

28km of walking and cycling routes

Plans on more public spaces, restoration of canal networks, and partnerships between stakeholders

The flagship projects - Brindley Place, New Street Station and Grand Central, Library of Birmingham

Some facts about Brindley Place, New street station / grand central and the library

Brindley Place - completed in 2009, new urban neighbourhood containing many things for corporate workers and community use, 240 room hotel

New Street Station - £750 million revival of the station and shopping complex completed in 2015 - 1000 new jobs and boosts the city economy significantly

Library of Birmingham - £193 million, set to become the largest public library in Britain, replaced the Birmingham Central Library 2013

Library of Birmingham

Replaced the old one build in 1974

Completed in 2014

Architect - Francis Houben

Rooftop terrace and a garden

Glass escalators and a travellator

ICT equipment available

Engages Homeless Hostels, LGBTQ and Deafplus community in developing the site - can be used by anyone

Cost £188.8 million

‘Friends of the Central Library’ group were against the regeneration as it still provided services to 5000 users per day

New Street Station

The route to London from Birmingham - will be home to HS2

Cost approx £750 million and took 5 years

more modern and open architecture

integrated with the Grand Central shopping centre - greater retail investment FDI and mixed community use