SLP 330 Exam 2

Chp 5-7

The primary energy conversion in phonation is from:

A. Acoustic to aerodynamic

B. Neural to muscular

C. Aerodynamic to acoustic

D. Mechanical to neural

Aerodynamic to acoustic

The only intrinsic laryngeal muscle that abducts the vocal folds is the:

A. Lateral cricoarytenoid

B. Posterior cricoarytenoid

C. Cricothyroid

D. Thyroarytenoid

Posterior cricoarytenoid

The quadrangular membrane forms the:

A. False vocal folds superiorly

B. True vocal folds inferiorly

C. Epiglottic cartilage

D. Arytenoid bodies

False vocal folds superiorly

During the opening phase of vibration, the lower margins:

A. Close first

B. Remain still

C. Separate before the upper margins

D. Do not move

Separate before the upper margins

Increased subglottal pressure primarily affects vocal intensity by:

A. Decreasing stiffness

B. Increasing airflow energy

C. Reducing closure

D. Eliminating vibration

Increasing airflow energy

The conus elasticus contributes directly to the structure of the:

A. Vocal ligament

B. Epiglottis

C. Hyoid bone

D. Aryepiglottic fold

Vocal ligament

Bernoulli effect contributes mainly to which phase?

A. Opening

B. Neural activation

C. Closing

D. Respiration

Closing

Vertical phase difference refers to:

A. Anterior-posterior delay

B. Inferior-superior timing difference

C. Neural delay

D. Lung recoil

Inferior-superior timing difference

Phonation threshold pressure is:

A. Maximum lung pressure

B. Minimum pressure to initiate vibration

C. Sustained pressure after 5 seconds

D. Pressure above atmospheric

Minimum pressure to initiate vibration

Increased vocal fold stiffness generally results in:

A. Lower fundamental frequency

B. No change in pitch

C. Higher fundamental frequency

D. Reduced airflow

Higher fundamental frequency

The arytenoids during sustained phonation:

A. Repeatedly abduct each cycle

B. Maintain adduction

C. Rotate randomly

D. Fully separate

Maintain adduction

Stress in vocal fold tissue is defined as force per:

A. Length

B. Unit area

C. Time

D. Volume

Unit area

Strain describes tissue that is:

A. Relaxed

B. Stretched relative to resting length

C. Compressed

D. Detached

Stretched relative to resting length

Greater glottal closure duration is associated with:

A. Breathy voice

B. Whisper

C. Increased intensity

D. Aphonia

Increased intensity

The Valsalva maneuver involves:

A. Forceful expiration against closed folds

B. Quiet inhalation

C. Whispering

D. Falsetto production

Forceful expiration against closed folds

Increased mass per unit length typically produces:

A. Higher pitch

B. Lower pitch

C. No change

D. Greater airflow

Lower pitch

Elastic recoil of the vocal folds contributes to:

A. Neural signaling

B. Glottal opening

C. Return toward midline

D. Epiglottic tilt

Return toward midline

Intensity is most directly regulated by:

A. Lung pressure

B. Hyoid elevation

C. Aryepiglottic constriction

D. Nasal airflow

Lung pressure

The mucosal wave travels primarily in which direction first?

A. Superior to inferior

B. Inferior to superior

C. Posterior to anterior

D. Medial to lateral

Inferior to superior

Voice quality is influenced most directly by:

A. Vibration pattern and closure characteristics

B. Cervical spine alignment

C. Lung capacity alone

D. Neural latency

Vibration pattern and closure characteristics

True/False: Vocal fold vibration requires a pressure difference across the glottis.

True

True/False: Bernoulli effect alone is sufficient to initiate and sustain phonation.

False. Phonation requires both tissue elasticity and aerodynamic forces.

True/False: Vocal folds behave as viscoelastic tissues.

True

True/False: Initiation pressure is typically higher than sustaining pressure.

True

True/False: Lengthening the vocal folds increases stiffness.

True

True/False: Arytenoids abduct and adduct during every vibratory cycle.

False. They maintain position; tissue oscillates.

True/False: Greater effective vibrating mass lowers fundamental frequency

True

True/False: Increased lung pressure always lowers intensity.

False. Increased lung pressure increases intensity.

True/False: Stress-strain behavior of vocal folds is linear across all ranges.

False: it is nonlinear

True/False: The posterior cricoarytenoid is an intrinsic muscle.

True

True/False: The conus elasticus forms part of the true vocal folds.

True

True/False: Voice quality is determined solely by pitch.

False. It reflects vibratory pattern and resonance.

The space above the vocal folds is called the ______.

supraglottic space

The lowest lung pressure needed to begin phonation is called ______ ______ ______.

phonation threshold pressure

Abduction refers to ______ movement of the vocal folds.

Lateral

Adduction refers to ______ movement of the vocal folds.

Medial

The only muscle that abducts the folds is the ______.

posterior cricoarytenoid

Stress is force per unit ______.

area

Strain reflects change in ______ relative to resting state.

Length

Increased stiffness generally increases fundamental ______.

Frequency

The elastic returning force of tissue is called ______ recoil.

elastic

The inferior margins open before the ______ margins.

Superior

Explain why increased subglottal pressure can raise vocal intensity.

Increased pressure increases airflow energy and vibratory amplitude, producing

greater acoustic output.

Describe vertical phase difference during phonation.

Inferior margins open and close before superior margins, creating a wave-like motion.

Explain how increased mass affects pitch.

Greater effective vibrating mass lowers vibratory rate, reducing pitch.

Describe the role of elastic recoil in oscillation.

Elastic recoil returns displaced tissue toward midline during the closing phase.

Explain why vocal fold vibration differs from a string instrument.

Vocal folds are layered, living viscoelastic tissues with active muscular control.

Describe how stiffness influences fundamental frequency.

Greater stiffness increases vibratory rate, raising fundamental frequency.

Explain why initiation pressure differs from sustaining pressure.

More pressure is required to overcome tissue inertia at onset than to maintain

oscillation.

Describe how incomplete glottal closure affects voice quality.

Incomplete closure allows air escape, producing breathiness.

When measuring fundamental frequency and intensity in clinical voice evaluation, measures are often organized into three broad categories. Which option lists those categories best?

A. Habitual voice use, maximum performance, regularity

B. Pitch range, loudness range, resonance

C. Perceptual rating, acoustic analysis, aerodynamic analysis

D. Source, filter, radiation

Habitual voice use, maximum performance, regularity

Mean speaking fundamental frequency is the average number of vocal fold vibration cycles per second during ________.

Connected speech

(True Or False) Mean speaking fundamental frequency is typically estimated only from a maximally sustained vowel, because connected speech is too variable.

Answer: False

Rationale: Mean speaking fundamental frequency is typically estimated from connected speech because it reflects habitual speaking behavior more accurately than a sustained

vowel.

jitter reflects cycle to cycle variability in the ________ of vocal fold vibration.

Frequency

A speaker sustains “ah,” but the timing between cycles keeps speeding up and slowing down slightly. Which measure best describes that instability?

A. Shimmer

B. Jitter

C. Voice range profile area

D. Phonation quotient

Jitter

Shimmer reflects cycle to cycle variability in the ________ of the acoustic waveform.

Amplitude

A client reports that their voice sounds “bumpy” in loudness across a sustained “ah,” even when they try to keep loudness steady. Which measure best matches that description?

A. Jitter

B. Shimmer

C. Mean speaking fundamental frequency

D. Open quotient

Shimmer

A voice range profile (also called a phonetogram) is best described as which of the following?

A. A map of the softest and loudest intensity a person can produce across their pitch range

B. A count of how many times the vocal folds vibrate per second during running speech

C. A measure of how much air leaks during voicing based on /s/ and /z/

D. A slow motion video that reconstructs vocal fold vibration

A map of the softest and loudest intensity a person can produce across their pitch range

A voice range profile mainly shows the portion of the voice that people typically use in everyday conversation.

False

A voice range profile maps the physiologic limits of pitch and loudness a

person can produce, not just the smaller portion used in everyday conversation.

Why is the dynamic range (soft to loud) often reduced at the extreme low and extreme high ends of a voice range profile?

A. Because the vocal tract stops filtering the sound at extremes

B. Because physiologic constraints limit how softly or loudly the system can operate at the extremes

C. Because intensity is not measurable at low or high pitches

D. Because fundamental frequency becomes constant at extremes

Because physiologic constraints limit how softly or loudly the system can operate at the extremes

Match each measure to the category it best fits.

1. Mean speaking fundamental frequency

2. Maximum phonation time

3. Jitter

4. Voice range profile

5. Mean speaking intensity

A. Habitual voice use

B. Maximum performance task

C. Regularity (perturbation)

D. Physiologic range

Mean speaking fundamental frequency - Habitual voice use

Maximum phonation time - Maximum performance task

Jitter - Regularity (perturbation)

Voice range profile - Physiologic range

Mean speaking intensity - Habitual voice use

A phonetogram is another name for a voice ________.

Range Profile

In general, compared with women, men typically show voice range profiles that are shifted:

A. Toward lower frequencies

B. Toward higher frequencies

C. Toward higher intensities only

D. Toward lower intensities only

Toward lower frequencies

In many voice range profiles, both the upper and lower contours tend to tilt upward as fundamental frequency increases.

True

Habitually, people use only a small part of their full physiologic voice range. Give one practical reason why that happens and one reason this matters clinically. Answer in 2 to 3 sentences.

People typically use a comfortable pitch and loudness range for efficient communication rather than their full physiologic limits. Clinically, comparing habitual use with physiologic capacity helps determine whether reduced voice use reflects pathology or simply typical speaking behavior.

In voice measurement, which choice best describes perturbation compared with a larger scale instability?

A. Perturbation is a small, temporary disturbance; larger instabilities reflect a more unstable system overall

B. Perturbation refers only to loudness; larger instabilities refer only to pitch

C. Perturbation is always pathological; larger instabilities are always normal

D. Perturbation is the same as resonance changes

Perturbation is a small, temporary disturbance; larger instabilities reflect a more unstable system overall

In a healthy voice, shimmer is expected to be exactly zero because each vibration cycle is identical.

False

Small cycle to cycle amplitude differences occur even in healthy voices, so shimmer values are typically small but not zero.

Which task is most likely to capture how much a speaker’s pitch changes during everyday speaking (not just the pitch they can hit at the extremes)?

A. A voice range profile

B. Mean speaking fundamental frequency range during connected speech

C. Maximum phonation time on “ah”

D. Phonation quotient

Mean speaking fundamental frequency range during connected speech

Mean speaking intensity range is best defined as:

A. The difference between the loudest and softest intensities a person uses during a connected speech sample

B. The loudest intensity a person can produce at any pitch

C. The intensity of a sustained vowel measured once

D. The intensity difference between /s/ and /z/

The difference between the loudest and softest intensities a person uses during a connected speech sample

A child returns from several weeks of loud outdoor group activities and sounds hoarse (breathy plus rough). List two likely contributing factors and name one vibration feature that could contribute to breathiness and one that could contribute to roughness. Answer in 2 to 3 sentences.

Repeated loud voice use can lead to swelling or irritation of the vocal fold tissues. Incomplete vocal fold closure can contribute to breathiness, while irregular vibration patterns can contribute to roughness.

When measuring average airflow during phonation, which factor is most important to keep steady so the airflow value is interpretable?

A. Fundamental frequency and sound pressure level

B. Vowel identity only

C. Resonance pattern only

D. The number of syllables spoken

Fundamental frequency and sound pressure level

Average airflow is usually stable enough to interpret as a stand alone measure of vocal function without considering other measures.

False

Airflow values vary depending on pitch, loudness, and vocal behavior, so they are typically interpreted alongside other aerodynamic and acoustic measures.

Laryngeal airway resistance is conceptually the ratio of ________ to ________.

pressure to airflow

Estimating lung (subglottal) pressure from intraoral pressure relies on what key idea during a /p/ closure?

A. Mouth pressure rises because the vocal folds close tighter than usual

B. With the lips sealed, pressure in the oral cavity approximates pressure below the vocal folds

C. The tongue seals the airway so oral pressure equals nasal pressure

D. Oral pressure reflects resonance, not pressure

With the lips sealed, pressure in the oral cavity approximates pressure below the vocal folds

Vocal efficiency is best described as:

A. How effectively aerodynamic input is converted into acoustic output

B. How high a person can raise their pitch

C. How long a person can hold their breath silently

D. How symmetrical the vocal folds look

How effectively aerodynamic input is converted into acoustic output

Aerodynamic power is calculated as lung pressure multiplied by ________.

airflow

A “true” measure of vocal efficiency would ideally compare aerodynamic power to acoustic power at the level of the vocal folds, but clinical measures usually use radiated acoustic output instead.

True

An s/z ratio greater than 1 is most often interpreted as suggesting:

A. Excessively high pitch

B. Lower glottal resistance with incomplete closure allowing air escape during /z/

C. Stronger than normal vocal fold closure

D. Improved respiratory capacity

Lower glottal resistance with incomplete closure allowing air escape during /z/

(T/F) A normal s/z ratio rules out inefficient phonatory glottal closure because it cannot be influenced by how a person performs the task.

False

The s/z ratio can be influenced by how the task is performed, including effort and breath control, so a normal value does not definitively rule out glottal inefficiency.

Match each measure with what it primarily aims to capture.

1. s/z ratio

2. Maximum phonation time

3. Phonation quotient

4. Estimated lung pressure from intraoral pressure

5. Average airflow

A. A quick index related to glottal closure efficiency during voicing

B. A maximum duration sustained vowel task on one breath

C. An estimate of air volume used per second during sustained phonation

D. An estimate of the driving pressure supporting loudness

E. The volume of air passing through the larynx per unit time

s/z ratio - A quick index related to glottal closure efficiency during voicing

Maximum phonation time - A maximum duration sustained vowel task on one breath

Phonation quotient - An estimate of air volume used per second during sustained phonation

Estimated lung pressure from intraoral pressure - An estimate of the driving pressure supporting loudness

Average airflow - The volume of air passing through the larynx per unit time

Glottography refers to methods that analyze vocal fold vibration by recording changes related to glottal events using signals other than direct video. Which set lists glottography methods?

A. Photoglottography, electroglottography, ultrasound glottography, inverse filtering

B. MRI, CT, ultrasound of the tongue, X ray

C. Acoustic spectrography, cepstral analysis, formant tracking, SPL meter

D. Vital capacity, spirometry, peak flow, oxygen saturation

Photoglottography, electroglottography, ultrasound glottography, inverse filtering

Stroboscopy is best described as a technique that:

A. Records every vibration cycle at very high frame rates

B. Uses a flashing light synchronized to vibration to create an apparent slow motion view

C. Measures electrical conductance across the neck to estimate contact

D. Uses light through the glottis to measure glottal area

Uses a flashing light synchronized to vibration to create an apparent slow motion view

Stroboscopy is well suited for analyzing severely aperiodic vibration because it captures true cycle to cycle differences.

False

Rationale: Stroboscopy reconstructs an apparent slow motion pattern from periodic vibration and cannot accurately capture severely aperiodic vibration.

Compared with stroboscopy, high speed laryngeal imaging is different because it:

A. Creates a simulated slow motion view by sampling different cycles

B. Captures actual vibration cycles directly at very high frame rates

C. Only works when vibration is perfectly periodic

D. Cannot be used to view vocal fold closure

Captures actual vibration cycles directly at very high frame rates

Videokymography is best described as:

A. A method that measures vocal fold contact using neck electrodes

B. High speed line scanning of one slice of the vocal folds across time

C. A method that measures radiated acoustic power at the lips

D. A measure of cycle to cycle timing variability

High speed line scanning of one slice of the vocal folds across time

Videokymography uses high speed ________ scanning of the vocal folds.

line

Photoglottography primarily provides information about:

A. The size of the glottal opening over time based on transmitted light

B. The exact shape of the vocal fold edge in a detailed image

C. Subglottal pressure during consonant closures

D. Vocal tract resonance patterns

The size of the glottal opening over time based on transmitted light

Photoglottography provides a clear visual image of the vocal folds, similar to a laryngeal video exam.

False

Photoglottography produces a waveform related to light passing through the

glottis, not a direct visual image of the vocal folds.

Electroglottography (EGG) primarily provides information about:

A. Glottal airflow rate

B. Relative vocal fold contact across the vibration cycle

C. Resonance peaks in the vocal tract

D. Lung volume capacity

Relative vocal fold contact across the vibration cycle

EGG uses two electrodes placed on the neck over the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

Match each technique with its best description

1. Stroboscopy

2. High speed laryngeal imaging

3. Videokymography

4. Photoglottography

5. Electroglottography

Column B

A. Reconstructed apparent slow motion using timed light flashes

B. True high frame rate recording of vibration cycles

C. High speed record of one line across the folds over time

D. Waveform based on transmitted light linked to glottal opening

E. Waveform based on electrical conductance linked to contact

Stroboscopy - Reconstructed apparent slow motion using timed light flashes

High speed laryngeal imaging - True high frame rate recording of vibration cycles

Videokymography - High speed record of one line across the folds over time

Photoglottography - Waveform based on transmitted light linked to glottal opening

Electroglottography - Waveform based on electrical conductance linked to contact

On a typical EGG waveform, the highest point most closely corresponds to:

A. Maximum glottal opening

B. Maximum vocal fold contact

C. Maximum airflow rate

D. Maximum tongue height

Maximum vocal fold contact

(T/F) EGG directly measures airflow rate through the glottis.

False

Electroglottography measures electrical conductance related to vocal fold contact, not airflow rate.

Match each quotient with its definition

1. Open quotient

2. Closed quotient

3. Contact quotient

4. Speed quotient

A. Portion of the cycle during which the vocal folds are separated

B. Portion of the cycle during which the vocal folds are in contact or closed

C. Relative relationship between opening time and closing time

D. Portion of the cycle during which contact is present on an EGG type signal

Open quotient - Portion of the cycle during which the vocal folds are separated

Closed quotient - Portion of the cycle during which the vocal folds are in contact or closed

Contact quotient - Portion of the cycle during which contact is present on an EGG type signal

Speed quotient - Relative relationship between opening time and closing time

Contact quotient refers to the portion of a vibration cycle during which the vocal folds are in ________.

contact

Give one advantage and one limitation of EGG for clinical interpretation of voice quality. Answer in 2 to 3 sentences.

EGG provides a noninvasive way to track vocal fold contact patterns across vibration cycles. However, it does not directly show the shape of the vocal folds or airflow, so interpretation must be combined with other measures.

A vocal register is best defined as:

A. A series of consecutive fundamental frequencies with approximately equivalent vocal quality, reflecting a particular vibration mode

B. The loudest voice a person can produce

C. The resonance pattern in the vocal tract during a vowel

D. A single pitch value measured during a sustained vowel

A series of consecutive fundamental frequencies with approximately equivalent vocal quality, reflecting a particular vibration mode

The register typically produced at the lowest fundamental frequency is _______

Vocal Fry

Match each register to the best description.

1. Vocal fry (pulse)

2. Modal register

3. Falsetto (loft)

A. Lowest frequency speaking register, often with distinct pulses and a creaky quality

B. Typical conversational speaking register for most speech

C. Higher frequency register often associated with thinner vocal fold vibration and lighter quality

Vocal fry (pulse) - Lowest frequency speaking register, often with distinct pulses and a creaky quality

Modal register - Typical conversational speaking register for most speech

Falsetto (loft) - Higher frequency register often associated with thinner vocal fold vibration and lighter quality

The term “register” is sometimes described as conceptually controversial. In 2 to 3 sentences, explain what “quantal change” means in this context and why that can make register boundaries hard to define. Answer in 2 to 3 sentences

Quantal change refers to a relatively sudden shift in vocal fold vibration pattern as control variables such as tension or airflow change. Because these shifts can occur gradually or overlap in real speech, the boundaries between registers are often difficult to define precisely.