BIOMI 1100: Post-Prelim 2

1. How do you make wine?

   1. alcohol fermentation of grape juice using yeast and sugar

   2. No answer is correct

   3. only bacteria are used to make wine

   4. lactic acid fermentation of grape juice using yeast and sugar

1. alcohol fermentation of grape juice using yeast and sugar

What is malolactic conversion?

1. converts malic acid into lactic acid

2. 'softens' the wine

3. All answers are correct

4. takes place after alcoholic fermentation

3. All answers are correct

Which of the following is true for Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

1. only metabolizes sugar in the presence of oxygen

2. there is only one type of this yeast available in the world!

3. we only use yeast to make chardonnay wines

4. ethanol production kills off competing microbes

4. ethanol production kills off competing microbes

Which of the following is true about O. oeni?

1. found on the surface of fruits and vegetables

2. a type of lactic acid bacteria

3. gram positive

4. All answers are correct

4. All answers are correct

At which of the following steps can food become contaminated? Select all that apply.

1. Preparation

2. Distribution

3. Processing

4. Production

1. Preparation

2. Distribution

3. Processing

Why are estimates of foodborne illness many times higher than reported cases? Select all that apply.

1. Very few people report food poisoning

2. Many pathogens cause similar symptoms

3. There is no food inspection system in the USA so we cannot connect bacteria from food with those that make us sick

4. The illness usually takes time to develop so people may not remember what they ate

1. Very few people report food poisoning

2. Many pathogens cause similar symptoms

4. The illness usually takes time to develop so people may not remember what they ate

Why did the incidence of norovirus go down during the COVID lockdown?

1. The COVID vaccine also works against norovirus

2. Socially distancing and hand washing

3. Fewer imported foods

4. It is susceptable to the same antibiotics used to treat covid

2. Socially distancing and hand washing

Where does E. coli O157:H7 get its name from?

1. O is the name for a particular LPS, H for a particular flagellar protein

2. O is for Ovis, meaning it came from sheep before infecting humans (H)

3. O and H respresent the first letter of the City and State where the isolate was first found

4. O is for a particular flagellar protein, H is for hemagglutinin

1. O is the name for a particular LPS, H for a particular flagellar protein

What unique features of Listeria monocytogenes make it such a deadly pathogen? Select all that apply.

1. grows in the refrigerator

2. not killed by pasteurization

3. It is Gram-negative

4. uses actin polymerization to shoot from one cell to another

1. grows in the refrigerator

4. uses actin polymerization to shoot from one cell to another

How might you classify COVID-19 at the current moment? 

1. Sporadic

2. Epidemic

3. Pandemic

4. endemic

4. endemic

When was the Ithaca typhoid fever outbreak?

1. 2013

2. 1952

3. 1903

4. 1876

3. 1903

What makes salmonella typhi so infectious?

1. the infectious strains can form spores

2. a pathogenicity island that encodes for a thick capsule

3. the infectious strains lack flagella

4. they can be dormant for years

2. a pathogenicity island that encodes for a thick capsule

What virulence factors make cholera such a good pathogen?

1. flagella and capsule

2. All of the above

3. None of the above

4. toxins, pili, pathogenicity islands, aquatic lifestyle

4. toxins, pili, pathogenicity islands, aquatic lifestyle

How can you avoid infection by Giardia?

1. It's fine to eat snow and melt it for drinking water, but avoid drinking directly from lakes and streams in the summertime

2. All lake and river water is safe to drink!

3. No answer is correct

4. If camping, boil lake water first

4. If camping, boil lake water first

How is Hepatitis C transmitted from one person to another?

1. through blood: transfusions, needles, tattoos, sex that causes bleeding

2. mother to child

3. seminal fluids

4. moquitoes

1. through blood: transfusions, needles, tattoos, sex that causes bleeding

Which of the following is true about mumps?

1. an efficacious vaccine exists

2. Found all over the world

3. can be dangerous for some poeple

4. All answers are correct

4. All answers are correct

Which of the following is true about the risk of contracting mumps

1. Two vaccine doses are required for lifetime protection

2. Protection from two vaccine doses wanes after 12-15 years

3. One vaccine dose provides lifetime protection

4. It is best treated with antivirals

2. Protection from two vaccine doses wanes after 12-15 years

Why is it so difficult to get rid of tuberculosis?

1. the bacterium is often resistant to multiple antibiotics

2. All answers are correct

3. the vaccine is only partially efficacious

4. the bacterium forms granulomas and becomes latent for years

2. All answers are correct

Which of the following diseases discussed in class is the most likely to impact a Cornell student living in a dorm?

1. HCV

2. Mumps

3. Tuberculosis

4. None of these

2. Mumps

If you plate out a lawn of bacteria and add an antibiotic soaked piece of filter paper to the plate, a clear halo around the filter paper would indicate:

1. No answer is correct

2. that the bacteria are sensitive to the antibiotic

3. the bacteria are persisters

4. that the bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic

2. that the bacteria are sensitive to the antibiotic

What would be examples of good antibiotic targets?

1. bacterial ribosome

2. bacterial cell wall

3. bacterial DNA polymerase

4. All answers are correct

5. All answers are correct

What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?

1. Inhibits cell wall synthesis

2. Inhibits translation

3. All answers are correct

4. inhibits RNA synthesis

1. Inhibits cell wall synthesis

What is the mechanism of action of streptomycin?

1. negatively affects protein synthesis

2. All answers are correct

3. inhibits DNA replication

4. inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

1. negatively affects protein synthesis

What are persisters?

1. bacteria that are dormant and not killed an by antibiotic, but still sensitive

2. bacteria that are actively dividing

3. actually that's a type of phage therapy

4. bacteria in a planktonic state

1. bacteria that are dormant and not killed an by antibiotic, but still sensitive

Which of the following best describes the type of symbiotic relationship between clover root nodules and nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

1. Parasitism

2. obligate mutualism

3. facultative mutualism

4. facultative commensalism

3. facultative mutualism

What kind of term would best describe the relationship between Buchnera and aphids?

1. obligate mutualism

2. facultative commensalism

3. facultative mutualism

4. parasitism

1. obligate mutualism

How might the gut microbiota of honeybees affect their social behavior?

1. the type of pollen may impact how the bee is feeling

2. if the worker bee does not dance properly, the others in the hive will simply throw him out

3. there is no connection between the gut microbiota and bee behavior, don't be silly!

4. molecules produced by microbes in the gut can affect the brain of the honeybee (gut-brain axis)

4. molecules produced by microbes in the gut can affect the brain of the honeybee (gut-brain axis)

What kind of microbes can we find in the rumen of a cow?

1. Archaea

2. Fungi

3. All answers are correct

4. Bacteria

3. All answers are correct

Why do most fermented foods have many different types of bacteria in them? 

1. The carbohydrates and fibers they ferment are diverse so no one bacterium can catabolize them all.

2. They don't, by definition fermentation can only be done by a single bacterium

3. There is a change in pH during the fermentation process so as it changes so do the bacteria

4. They are contaminants because it's impossible to keep food sterile

1. The carbohydrates and fibers they ferment are diverse so no one bacterium can catabolize them all.

3. There is a change in pH during the fermentation process so as it changes so do the bacteria

What are causes of gastroenteritis?

1. Fungi

2. Viruses

3. Bacteria

4. Influenza

2. Viruses

3. Bacteria

When was the Ithaca typhoid fever outbreak?

1. 1876

2. 2013

3. 1903

4. 1952

3. 1903

which country has the youngest Legal drinking age for wine and beer?

1. USA

2. Canada

3. Italy

4. Germany

5. Japan

4. Germany

What principal type of fermentation is involved in winemaking?

1. Precision

2. Lactic acid

3. Acetic acid

4. Alcoholic

4. Alcoholic

Why is alcohol produced from sugar during fermentation?”

1. To reoxidize NADH and allow more sugar to be metabolized

2. To avoid pyruvate toxicity

3. Its a byproduct of anaerobic respiration

4. Alcohol is used by the fermentative microbes as a building block for amino acids

1. To reoxidize NADH and allow more sugar to be metabolized

Why are lactic acid bacteria used in a secondary fermentation of some wines?

1. To degrade lactic acid

2. To change the terroir

3. To remove more sugar and make the wine “dryer”

4. To remove malic acid

5. None of the above

4. To remove malic acid

What factors related to microbiology are responsible for bad smelling/tasting wine

1. Moisture in the cork (causes growth of mold)

2. Sulfur fungicide used on grapes (to reduce chance of mold, smells like rotten eggs)

3. Microbial contamination during fermentation (swamp smell)

4. Too much acetic acid produced during fermentation (smells like vinegar)

5. All answers are correct

5. All answers are correct

What do we mean by terroir?

1. Combination of human and environmental factors such as soil, climate and farming practices, that contribute to the microbiota and thus the distinct flavor of wine grapes

2. Taste characteristics conferred by type of grape used for winemaking

3. Taste characteristics resulting of the fermentation process during winemaking

4. It’s a general term for bitter tastes that terrify wine makers and make wine less valuable

1. Combination of human and environmental factors such as soil, climate and farming practices, that contribute to the microbiota and thus the distinct flavor of wine grapes

What do wine, beer and hard cider have in common?

1. All three use yeast in their fermentation processes

2. All three use bacteria in their fermentation processes

3. All three add sugar to their fermentation processes

4. All three use oxygen for their fermentation processes

1. All three use yeast in their fermentation processes

The US government does a good job ensuring food safety

1. True

2. False

1. True

Which foods are most commonly associated with foodborne illness in the USA?

1. Meat and Poultry

2. Dairy and Eggs

3. Fruits and Vegetables

4. Seafood

3. Fruits and Vegetables

Which agency is responsible for tracking food borne illness

1. FDA

2. CDC

3. USDA

4. All of these

4. All of these

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a foodborne illness?

1. Vomiting

2. Diarrhea

3. Abdominal pain

4. Difficulty urinating

5. None of these

5. None of these

What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the US

1. Norovirus

2. Pathogenic E. coli

3. Salmonella

4. Listeria

1. Norovirus

Which of the following is associated with food borne illness

1. Unwashed cutting board/knife/hands

2. Inadequate refrigeration or incomplete cooking

3. The person preparing the food is sick

4. Communal settings: hospital, school, nursing home cafeterias

5. All of these

5. All of these

Why are so many more cases of waterborne diseases found in low- to-middle income countries compared to high-income countries?

1. Lack of access to vaccines

2. Poor sanitation

3. limited or unreliable water treatment

4. All of these

4. All of these

How would you categorize SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) right now?

1. sporadic

2. endemic

3. epidemic

4. pandemic

5. None of the above

2. endemic

Rank these common waterborne diseases in the USA, from most common (top) to least common (bottom)

1. Otitis externa (swimmer’s ear)

2. Cryptosporidiosis

3. Norovirus infection

4. Giardiasis

1. Otitis externa (swimmer’s ear)

2. Norovirus infection

3. Giardiasis

4. Cryptosporidiosis

What is it called when a pathogen only does damage after it gets inside a host cell?

1. intracellular(A)

2. extracellular(B)

3. parasitic(C)

4. commensalistic(D)

5. None of the above(E)

1. intracellular(A)

Which of the following are important public health strategies to protect against Typhoid fever?

1. Have clean, sanitized water available for everyone

2. Use vaccines

3. Quarantine those who exhibit symptoms

4. All of these

4. All of these

Which of the following important public health approaches is UNIQUE to treating Vibrio cholera infection?

1. Have clean, sanitized water available for everyone

2. Use vaccines

3. Wash hands

4. Oral rehydration therapy

4. Oral rehydration therapy

Which of the following ways of reducing disease is UNIQUE to Giardiasis?

1. Have Clean, sanitized water available for everyone

2. Clean and disinfect surfaces

3. Avoid pet feces

4. Adhere to food safety practices

5. None of these

3. Avoid pet feces

Which of the following are common routes for the transmission of P2P infectious diseases?

1. Unprotected sex

2. Sharing the same needle

3. Sneezing and coughing near someone else

4. all answers are correct

4. all answers are correct

What direct transmission infections have we already talked about this semester?

1. COVID-19

2. influenza

3. Bacterial STIs

4. Viral STIs

5. All of these

5. All of these

Can HCV cause cancer?

1. Yes everyone infected with HCV will end up with cancer

2. No, this is not an oncogenic virus

3. Yes, but only a small proportion of patients with long term chronic infections will ultimately end up with cancer

3. Yes, but only a small proportion of patients with long term chronic infections will ultimately end up with cancer

Which is the most common way today for HCV to be transmitted?

1. Sharing of needles, tattooing, etc

2. Sex, of course

3. Kissing

4. Sneezing and coughing

5. Mosquito bite

1. Sharing of needles, tattooing, etc

How is HCV treated today?

1. Blood transfusions

2. Antivirals

3. Vaccines

4. Antibiotics

5. There is no treatment

2. Antivirals

which type of human immune cell resembles an amoeba?

1. Macrophage

2. T cell

3. B cell

4. antibody

5. None of these

1. Macrophage

How can Cornell avoid an outbreak of Mumps?

1. Constant vigilance such as weekly nose swabs and PCR testing

2. Remind students to not share needles

3. If someone has a sore throat, they must quarantine

4. Make them all wear masks 24/7

5. Make sure that most students have been previously vaccinated for Mumps

5. Make sure that most students have been previously vaccinated for Mumps

What cellular structure is unique about TB and contributes to its resistance to the immune system?

1. Flagella

2. Waxy mycolic acid outer membrane

3. Hyphae

4. Capsid protein

5. Ribosome

2. Waxy mycolic acid outer membrane

Antibiotics target processes that are only found in microbes but not in us.

1. True

2. False

1. True

Which of the following processes are unique to bacteria?

1. Replication

2. Transcription

3. Translation

4. Peptidoglycan synthesis

4. Peptidoglycan synthesis

Which of the following can you buy over the counter in the USA?

1. Antibiotics

2. Antifungals

3. Antivirals

4. All of these

5. None of these

2. Antifungals

What processes do antibiotic ointments like Neosporin target?

1. Translation (protein synthesis)

2. Membrane integrity

3. Cell wall synthesis

4. All of these

4. All of these

What does spectrum of activity mean with regards to antibiotics?

1. Whether or not a cell has acquired resistance due to horizontal gene transfer

2. If it is biocidal or biostatic

3. Intrinsic factors like the presence/absence of an outer membrane make cells susceptible

4. It is toxic to bacteria, but not to humans

3. Intrinsic factors like the presence/absence of an outer membrane make cells susceptible

Even though bacitracin and polymix have different targets, which cell structure is responsible for their spectrum of activity?

1. Cell wall

2. Cell membrane

3. Ribosomes

4. RNA polymerase

2. Cell membrane

Which of the following statements are TRUE about antibiotics?

1. It’s okay to stop taking them when I start feeling better

2. They can treat COVID

3. Most kill both good and bad bacteria

4. You should flush unused antibiotics down the toilet

5. None of these

3. Most kill both good and bad bacteria

Which resistance mechanism works on the greatest number of antibiotics

1. Target alterations

2. Abx inactivating enzymes

3. Entry prevention

4. Efflux pumps

4. Efflux pumps

in the partnership between fungi and algae, the algae gets a home. What does the fungi get out of the deal?

1. Sugar from photosynthesis

2. minerals

3. protection

4. moisture

5. None of the above

1. Sugar from photosynthesis

Plants fix nitrogen (N2) from the atmosphere into something solid ammonia (NH4+), with the help of rhizobia. Rank these macromolecules in terms of which require the most nitrogen?

1. nucleic acid

2. protein

3. polysaccharides

4. lipids

5. None of the above

1. Nucleic acids

2. Proteins

3. Lipids

4. Polysaccharides

What would happen if there were no microbes in the rumen of a cow?

1. The cow would manage just fine

2. The cow would thrive and make more milk

3. The cow would get sick and die

4. The cow would make more methane

3. The cow would get sick and die