Fracturing fluid

Whats the objective of hydraulic fracturing

•To create a conductive path into the formation permitting easier flow of fluids to the wellbore

•What is the most probable orientation of a fracture extension with respect to the plane of least principle stress?

A. parallel

b. perpendicular

•B. perpendicular

•What type of chemical is used to gel water?

•polymers

Name possible base components for a fracture fluid

•Water, oil, foam

What are the main factors to consider in proppant selection

•particle size distribution

•2. roundness and sphericity

•3. acid solubility

•4. crush resistance

•Why must a fracture fluid be viscous?

To overcome leak-off, to carry proppant and to suspend proppant

What range of viscosity does a linear gelled water have

•20 – 90 cp

•List three factors that affect the cross-linking rate?

•fluid temperature

•2. pH

•3. shear condition

•4. concentration of reactants

•5. cross-linker type

•6. presence of competing ligands

Where would a gelled hydrocarbon fluid be used

•In a water-sensitive formation

•List three common types of proppant

•sand

•2. ceramic

•3. resin coated

•4. bauxite

•Which metal complexes can be used as cross-linkers?

•Boron, titanium, zirconium, or aluminum complexes

List five fracture fluid additives

•friction reducers

•2. fluid loss additives

•3. breakers

•4. emulsifiers

•5. clay stabilizers

•6. surfactants

•7. ph-control additives

•8. cross-linkers

•9. gellants

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