APCSP - Global Impacts of Computing Quiz

What does meta data allow?

Organizing big pieces of data easier

What can you do to data?

Collect it, use it, and exploit it

What are examples of data?

Surveys, sensors, websites, search engines, bank accounts, shopping recipes, and historical search

What are databases?

Large collections of data, sometimes from the same source and sometimes different sources

What do databases look like?

A spreadsheet with rows and columbns of numerical and categorical data

What is the Structured Query Language (SQL)?

Language that helps computers pull info from databases

Through data collection what can we gather?

Info about facts and patterns

What can data show?

Trends and similarities between events (can determine if human viruses are similar)

What may data not show?

Correlation between variables

What would searching local disk memory do?

Provide access to data only if it is stored locally on a device

What can data be stored on?

External or web based databases or on a separate piece of software

What happens to sensitive data?

Its encrypted

How many bits is the result of the process by which a piece of data is encoded?

Fewer bits than its original file

What have algorithms been designed to?

Compress and encode data

How does data compression work?

Works by algorithm locating repeating patterns in the data and then replacing the patterns with placeholders

What is computational power?

How quickly a computer can perform an operation

Greater computational power -> quicker a system can decompress and stream videos

t's the speed and capacity of a system to perform calculations

What is lossless compression algorithm?

No info is lost between compression of the original file to decompression/extraction of the file

Can identically reconstructs the original file

What is run length encoding?

A method of encodng text that has many repeated characters

What is run length encoding considered to be?

Lossless compression format as the original file can be reconstructed after being compressed

How does run length encoding work?

Specifying the number of times a character or pixel repeats followed by the value of a character/pixel

When is it most efficient to use compression method?

When there are many repetitive pieces of data

How can you compress bbbbcccceeef?

4b4c3e1f

What is Lossy Compression Algorithm?

Compresses file sizes to be much smaller than those compressed using a lossless algorithm

What happens to the original piece of data after the Lossy Compression Algorithm?

It cannot be identically reconstructed

When is Lossy Compression Algorithm used?

When shrinking data size or transmission time is the most important factor to data compression

What are examples of picture encoding formats?

Bitmap (BMP), Portable Network Graphics (PNG), and Joint Photographic Experts (Group - JPEG or JPG)

What are BMPs and PNGs considered as?

Lossless compression

What are the benefits of data compression?

Saves storage space

Enables a faster transmission of data since data is smaller

Storing compressed data is less expensive since less storage space is needed

What is processing data?

Manipulation of data to create meaningful info

What is an example of data organization?

Spreadsheets are one of the main places that programs like to gather input

What is a common way of processing data and why?

Programs because they are capable of gathering a large amount of data as input, searching through the data to see if its usable, and then clustering the data

What does it mean to cluster data?

Organizing the data into groups that have similar content or sources

What can programs create?

Smaller subsets of info from a set of data

What are trending topics?

Ones foudn by searching algorithm that are talked about most during a period of time on a website

What are data filtering systems important tools for?

Finding info and recognizing patterns in data

What are the challenges in processing data?

Data needs to be cleaned, data may be incomplete, data may be invalid, data may need to be combined with other sources

What is easily processed data?

Numbers

What does some data need to be?

Extracted/modified

What is data cleaning (aka data sanitization)?

Modification of data that does not meet the formatting requirements for that type of data

Ex: a number that needs to be a string

What must happen to data before it is used?

It must be cleaned.

What is incomplete data?

Users may abbreviate, shorten, or provide an incorrect type of input in which would then be unsuable in the program

What is an example of invalid data?

A user gave a number data as a string

What is sequential computing?

A model in which operations are performed in order on at a time

When is parallel computing and distributed computing used?

If data sets are too large

What is parallel computing?

Breaking a program into multiple smaller sequential computing operations, some of which are performed simultaneously

What is distributed computing?

Uses multiple devices to run a program

Once a task is completed, each system submits their results and are compiled together

Donate spare computing power to help calculations

What is the con about using sequential computing?

Takes the longest because everything is completed in order

What are the pros about using parallel computing?

Parallel computing is faster than sequential because it does some tasks at the same time

What is the total time when using parallel computing?

The total time is the time for the steps that must be done in order, plus the time for the slowest task being done at the same time

What is the speed up of a parallel solution measured in?

The time it took to complete the task sequentially divided by the time it took to complete the task when done in parallel

What does the size of the set of data that is being processed determine?

How much info can be extracted from it and must be matched by a computing device with enough processing power

What is data decompression/extraction?

Restores the compressed data to its original form

Why are compression and extraction algorithms necessary when working with data?

Compression makes data easier to use because it saves storage space and is less expensive

Extraction algorithms are necessary to use when working with data because it restores the compressed data back to its original form

Explain how computation power relates to compression and extraction algorithms.

Computational power relates to compression and extraction because greater computational power means less time required to decompress and extract information

Explain the difference between lossless and lossy compression algorithms.

Lossless compression algorithms means no information is lost between compression of the original file to decompression of the file

Lossy compression algorithms compress file sizes to be smaller than the files of a lossless compression algorithm and the original file cannot be completely restored

Given the message below, what explains why it wouldn't benefit from being compressed using run length encoding?

bbvvcc

The encoded message would be the same length as the original message

Why is parallel processing so beneficial?

It is beneficial because it allows multiple tasks to be completed at the same time.

It also provides greater amounts of computational power to process large sets of data

What is not an advantage to using a computer to gather and process data?

A computer can hear a dialogue, detect a sarcastic remark, and transcribe the real meaning of the remark

What is NOT an example of a common challenge when processing data?

An age input value

What are examples of data visualizations?

Bar graphs, pie charts, line graphs, scatter plots, and images

What are skewed visualizations?

Visualizations of data can be skewed based on the number of scales plotted on the axes or by leaving out data

What is bias in marketing?

Can come from the company creating the visualization or from the group of programmers who developed the algorithm to express the visualization

What does bias in marketing show?

Info that highlights the positive aspects of their goods

How do you combat bias in marketing?

Examining meta data is one way to combat bias

What are limitations to programming?

If an algorithm has a low amount of sources, this limits the quality of data collected

If a program does not have enough data to draw a conclusive result, it will only output what it can

What is bias in programming?

A programmer's bias can sometimes cause inherent bias in the programs that they write

Where can bias in programming be seen?

In the types of inputs a program accepts/recognizes

What are examples of problems for algorithms?

Decidable problem

Unsolvable problem

Undecidable problem

What is a decidable problem?

When an algorithm can be constructed to find a correct solution for all inputs

Is this number even?

What is an unsolvable problem?

One where an algorithm cannot be constructed to find a solution

What is an undecidable problem?

Problem where there isn't an algorithm that could be constructed that will always give an accurate yes/no output for every input

What is an example of an undecidable problem?

Developing a program to find a matching vaccine for the flu vaccine

What is JPEG considered as?

Lossy compression

What is cryptography?

Writing and solving codes

What was the first example of cryptography?

Hieroglyphics carved into monuments from the old kingdom in Ancient Egypt

What is modern cryptography?

Science of storing data securely

What does modern cryptography must have?

Confidentiality and Authenticity

Integrity and Ownership

What is Confidentiality and Authenticity?

Cryptography processes ensure that data is confidential to the parties who need it and can be authentically confirmed and authorized owner of the data

What is Integrity and Ownership?

Cryptography concepts also ensure that info can be controlled by the owners of the secure data and that the integrity remains as the data is viewed or used

Why does cryptography use encryption and decryption?

To store data in a way that makes it incomprehensible

What is encryption?

The process by which a message or a piece of info is changed to read/display something to hide the info's true meaning

What is plaintext turned into?

Ciphertext (encrypted message)

Encoded message will require a key in order to be decrypted

What do certificate authorities issue?

Digital certificates that validate the ownership of encryption used in secure communications

What does decryption do?

Takes the encrypted message and decodes it

What is encoding?

Designed to change the plain text to cipher text

What does decoding an algorithm require?

A cipher text

What is symmetric key encryption?

One key to both encrypt a message and decrypt a message

Same key used for both

What are the advantages of symmetric key encryption?

If a large amount of data is being encrypted (and not decrypted by a different company) a symmetric key encryption is very effective

Symmetric key encryption is highly efficient, fast, and ideal for processing large volumes of data due to its use of a single shared key for both encryption and decryption

Where is symmetric key encryption used and why?

When data is encrypted in the hard drive

Hardware storage prevents the key from being exposed in memory, provides tamper-resistance, and allows for extremely fast encryption/decryption of large data volumes

What are the disadvantages of symmetric key encryption?

Keys can exist with multiple parties

Trust issues and key insecurity

Wha is public key encryption?

Different keys used for encryption and decryption

How do you encrypt a message with public key encryption?

A public key is known to everyone

What are encryption methods?

Transposition encryption and substitution encryption

What is transposition encryption?

Takes a message and rearranges the letters

What do you need to know for transposition encryption?

The pattern by which the letters are supposed to be ordered to decode the message

What is substitution encryption?

Replaces letters in the message with new letters, characters or numbers known as cipher text

What do you need to know for substitution encryption?

Need to know how letters are assigned in order to decode the message

In the Caesar Cipher Wheel, what do the letters in the inner circle represent?

Plain text

Work out to in

What is cybersecurity?

Protecting yourself and others from attacks carried out through and by computers

What does every computer and system have?

Vulnerabilities that can allow unauthorized access to personal info