Upper Anatomy Quiz #1

Anatomical Position

- Reference point

- Palm facing forwards and thumbs out to side

Sagittal Plane

Splits body into left and right halves

- Flexion and extension

- Terms used: medial and lateral

Frontal (coronal) Plane

Splits the body into front and back halves

- ADDuction and ABDuction

- Terms used: anterior and posterior

Transverse Plane

Splits the body into upper and lower halves

- Rotation

- Terms used: superior and inferior

Superior

Structure closer to head

- transverse plane

Inferior

Closer to feet

- on transverse plane

Cranial/cephalid

Closer to head (when referring to structures on trunk)

Caudal

Closer to buttocks (used when referring to structures on trunk)

Posterior

Structure closer to the back

- Frontal plane

Anterior

Structure closer to the front

- Frontal plane

Dorsal

Posterior and refers to the back (used for trunk)

Ventral

Anterior and refers to belly (used for trunk)

Medial

Structure closer to midline/center of body

- sagittal plane

Lateral

Structure further away from midline/center of body

- sagittal plane

Distal

Structure further away from trunk/midline (used for extremities)

Proximal

Structure closer to trunk (used for extremities)

Superficial

Structure closer to the surface

Deep

Structure deeper in the body

Extension

Straightens a joint

Flexion

Bends a joint

Adduction

Brings limb medially towards the body (only in extremities)

Abduction

Moves limb laterally away from midline (only in extremities)

Medial (internal) Rotation

Limb turns in towards midline (hip/shoulder joints)

Lateral (external) Rotation

Limb turns away from midline (hip/shoulder joints)

Circumduction

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (cone-shaped movement)

Supination

Pivot forearm upwards (palm up)

Pronation

Pivot forearm downwards (palm down)

Opposition

Thumb crosses palm towards pinkie

Inversion

Elevates foot's medial side (feet turn in)

Eversion

Elevate foot's lateral side (feet turn out)

Plantar Flexion

Points foot to ground

Dorsiflexion

Points foot upwards

Protraction (protrude)

Structure moves anteriorly (only in scapula)

Retraction (retreat)

Structure moves posteriorly (only in scapula)

Evevation

Structure moves superiorly (only in jaw and scapula)

Depression

Structure moves inferiorly (only in jaw and scapula)

Connective Tissue

Comprised of fibers with widely dispersed cells (fibroblasts)

Components of CT

- Water

- Collagen fibers

- Ground substance

- Elastin fibers

- Fibroblasts

Dense Regular CT

- Tendons and Ligaments

- Lined in parallel bundles

- Resists tensile loads in one direction

Dense Irregular CT

- Joint capsules and fascia

- Arranged in wavy bundles

- Resist forces in multiple directions

Loose CT

- Investing fascia of all structures

- Subcutaneous tissue

Collagen

- Most common CT

- Tough and non-elastic (does not stretch)

Collagen: Type 1

- Resists tensile forces

- Ex: skin, tendons, bones, meniscus, and annulus

Collagen: Type 2

- Resists compressive forces

- Ex: hyaline cartilage, nucleus pulposus

Elastin

Fibers that nay be stretched

Fascia

- Arranged in sheaths

- Fluid is found between layers (allows free movement)

Superficial CT

- Loose CT

- Surrounds and protects structures

- Often contains fat

- Helps prevent spread of infection/disease

Deep CT

- Dense irregular CT

- Separates muscles in leg into compartments

Perimysium

Thin fascia that surrounds individual muscle fibers

Bursa

- CT that forms and creates a pocket of fluid

- Between muscles and tendons, or muscle and bones

Tendons

- Dense regular CT

- Connect muscle to bone

Aponeurotic Tendon/Aponeurosis

- Broad flat tendon expansion for attachment to a large area

- Ex: Palm of hand, sole of foot

Ligaments

- Dense regular CT

- Connects bone to bone

Cartilage

- Supportive framework for soft tissue

- Resists permanent deformation

- Largely aneural and avascular

- Gets nutrition by diffusion and pumping of fluids through its substance

Hyaline/Articular Cartilage

- smooth and glassy

- covers weight-bearing ends of bone surfaces

- Minimal shock absorption

Composition of Hyaline Cartilage

Water (60-87%), collagen (10-30%), Proteoglycans (3-10%)

Superficial (Tangential) Zone

- Top layer of articular cartilage

- Deformable

- Helps distribute loads

Immediate Zone

Deformable open meshwork of randomly oriented fibers

Deep Zone

- Tight meshwork of closely packed collagen attached firmly to underlying bone

- Very stiff

Fibrocartilage

- Supports, limits, and directs movement

- Secondary stabilizer

Fibrocartilage Examples

Intervertebral disks, menisci of knee, and pubic symphysis

Elastic Cartilage

Very flexible and largely avascular

Elastic Cartilage Examples

Ear and nose

Bone Functions

- Protects vital structures

- Supports body

- Provides mechanical basis for movement

- Blood cell development in marrow

Bone Structure

- Fibrous CT in a solid matrix

- Fibrous materials for resilience

- Minerals for hardness and rigidy

Cortical/Compact Bone

- Forms outer surfaces of all bone

- Can withstand high tensile and compressive strength

- Fractures at about 2% strain

Spongy/Trabecular Bone

- Thin plates forming trabeculae

- Finer bones

- Strength depends on density of trabeculae

- Fractures at about 7% strain

Osteopenia/Osteoporosis

- Atrophy from inside out

- Bending bones causes charged particles to gather on the concavity and convexity

- Load bearing is only way to bend bones

Axial Skeleton

Skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

Limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

Long Bone

Longer than they are wide

Long Bone Example

Femur

Short Bone

Equal height and width

Short Bone Example

Carpal and tarsals

Flat Bone

Have gentile curves

Flat Bone Examples

Skull and pelvis

Irregular Bone

Irregular shape

Irregular Bone Examples

Vertebrae and facial bones

Sesamoid Bone

Round/oval nodules found in tendon that help reduce friction and allows for greater force

Sesamoid Bone Examples

Patella, pisiform, sesamoids of foot

Ipsilateral Effects

On same side

Contralateral Effects

Effects on opposite side

Contralateral Movement

Moving to opposite side

Unilateral Movement

Only on one side

Bilateral Movement

Both sides

Epi-

Upon, besides, attached to

Facets

Elevations on bones w/ articulations associated with

Condyle

Elevation of some kind

Epicondyle

Elevation off an elevation

Diaphysis

Shaft

Epiphysis

Ends of shaft of bone

Metaphysis

Narrowed end between epiphysis and diaphysis

Heterotopic Ossification

Abnormal bony growth in soft tissue and results in limited movement

Bone Atrophy

Decrease in bone mass from aging and lack of exercise

Bone Hypertrophy

Increase in bone mass from strength training

Cardiac Muscle

- Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart

- Smooth and skeletal muscle

- Cells are interconnected

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside internal organs of the body

Skeletal Muscle

About 50% of body weight and 50% of body's metabolism

Muscle Fibers

Muscle cell that is innervated by a single anterior horn cell

Epimysium

Surrounds entire muscle