Digestion

Sucrase

________ (Invertase)- splits sucrose into glucose and fructose.

ENTEROKINASE

enzyme from the duodenal mucosa that activates trypsinogen into trypsin.

CARBOHYDRASES

________- enzymes that primarily acts on disaccharides namely:

ENTERITIS

________- means infection in the gastrointestinal tract by a virus, parasite or bacteria.

AUTOINTOXICATION

________- a state of being poisoned by toxic substances produced within the body.

NUCLEOTIDASES (Nucleophosphatases)

Non- specific enzymes that split nucleotides into phosphoric acid and nucleosides.

DIASTASE (Pancreatic amylase)

- It attacks the α- 1, 4- glycosidic bonds of starch in a random fashion into maltose.

GASTRIC JUICE

________- is an acidic, watery, colorless fluid secreted in the stomach having a specific gravity of around 1.003.

DIGESTION

________ is a hydrolytic process involving the breakdown of biomolecules to simpler molecules, which are absorbed from the small intestine into the blood and distributed to various tissues where they are needed.

Pancreatitis

________- the equivalent of idiopathic sleep death syndrome.

Conjugation

________- is the process called upon whenever oxidation becomes ineffective.

proteolytic effect

The ________ is similar to pepsin, acting on peptide bonds involving phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan.

Chymotrypsinogen

________- is activated by trypsin into chymotrypsin.

SALIVA

________- colorless, slightly viscid and opalescent fluid secreted by the salivary glands (parotid, submaxillary and sublingual glands) Parotid gland- secretion is watery and rich in ptyalin.

DIARRHEA

________- the rapid movement of fecal matter through the large intestine (loose bowel movement) due to:

inorganic components

About two thirds are ________ that are made up of sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides and phosphates.

Oxidation

________- is the most common means and one of the most important means of detoxification.

TRYPSIN

________- An endopeptidase, it attacks both denatured and partially digested proteins breaking them into peptides.

Absorption from the intestines

- removes the digested molecules and brings about by a mass law effect, an enzyme action which is almost complete.

Lactase

________- splits lactose into glucose and galactose.

STEAPSIN (Pancreatic lipase)

hydrolyze fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

CARBOXYPEPTIDASE & AMINOPEPTIDASE

________- exopeptidases that attack the outer peptide bonds of peptides to release amino acids.

Hyperchlorhydria

________- the amount of free Cl- is above normal.

Trypsinogen

________- is activated by enterokinase from the mucous entericus.

Hydrolysis

________- some drugs used for therapy are hydrolyzed in the body.

Tripeptidases and Dipeptidases

- splits tripeptides and dipeptides into their constituent amino acids.

SALIVARY AMYLASE

________- it is an endoamylase attacking the interior of the polysaccharide chain to be broken down into low molecular weight, non- fermentable, soluble dextrins

CHYMOTRYPSIN

________- It acts on inner peptide bonds of proteins breaking them into peptides.

MEGACOLON

________ or HIRSCHSPRUNGS DISEASE- a severe case of constipation that bowel movements occur only once every several weeks.

PEPTIDASES

________- enzymes that acts on amino acids and peptide linkages namely:

DETOXIFICATION

________- includes all processes by which noxious substances are rendered less harmful and more easily excreted.

Vagal stimulation

________- produces a secretion which is rich in enzymes but comparatively less volume that involves the aid of 2 HORMONES.

Achlorhydria

________- absence of free HCl.

Maltase

________- splits maltose into two molecules of glucose.

FERMENTATION

________- It is the bacterial degradation of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions.

PUTREFACTION

________- it is the bacterial decomposition of proteins into peptides or amino acids under anaerobic conditions.

A PEPSIN

________- secreted by the chief cells as pepsinogen then activated by HCl and autocatalytically by pepsin at pH 5 or lower- the principal digestive constituent of the gastric juice that has an optimum pH range of 1.5 to 2.5- an endopeptidase, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of inner peptide bonds of proteins to form into smaller fragments of polypeptides and peptides.

Intestinal phase

________- occurs when the acid chyme (partially digested food mixed with HCl) passes from the stomach into the duodenum.

Mechanical factor

________- due to the mastication of substances in the mouth.

CONSTIPATION

________- the slow movement of feces through the large intestine, and it is often associated with large quantities of dry, hard feces or scybala.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

________- secreted by the parietal cells, about 0.17 N (170 mEq.

TOXIN

________- a poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organism and is usually very unstable, notably toxic when introduced into the tissues and typically capable of inducing antibody formation.

Secretin

stimulates the secretion of a fluid of high volume and bicarbonate content, but low in enzymes.

rennin

has a milk curdling effect, hydrolyzing casein into soluble paracasein. In the presence of calcium, paracasein is clotted into insoluble calcium paracaseinate

Cooking

initiates the hydrolysis of food making them accessible in the action of enzymes

Mastication

breaks down the foods into smaller particles increasing the surface area upon which enzymes will have to act

Movements of the stomach and intestines

help by promoting better contact between the foods and the enzymes

Autodigestion

involves the ripening of fruits and vegetables, and the aging of many foods produce desirable chemical changes favorable for digestion

Salivary digestion

hydrolysis of starch by the salivary amylase which is taking place in the buccal cavity and to a certain extent in the fundic end of the stomach

Gastric digestion

mainly concerned with the digestion of proteins through the action of the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid occurring in the stomach

Intestinal digestion

involves three distinct secretions in the small intestines that contribute in the completion of the digestive process; pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and bile

Sublingual and Submaxillary glands

secretion is more viscid containing mucin and poorer in ptyalin

Psychic factor

a reflex stimulation due to the thought, sight or smell of food

Chemical factor

due to the stimulation of the taste buds by such substances as sugar, salt, condiments and other dissolved chemical substances

Mechanical factor

due to the mastication of substances in the mouth

GASTRIC JUICE

is an acidic, watery, colorless fluid secreted in the stomach having a specific gravity of around 1.003

Mucous cells

cells that secrete mucin

Gastrin

hormone secreted by the pyloric mucosa and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete a juice rich in HCl but poor in pepsin

Intestinal phase

occurs when the acid chyme (partially digested food mixed with HCl) passes from the stomach into the duodenum

Secretin

hormone secreted by the duodenal mucosa and stimulates the secretion of the gastric juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and the bile

Enterogastrone

hormone produced due to the presence of fats in the inhibits gastric secretion and motility and is used for the treatment of peptic ulcer

Urogastrone

hormone similar to enterogastrone but is found in the urine and exerts also inhibitory effect on gastric secretion

Acid inhibition

when HCl is present at a concentration of 0.03 N, it slows down secretion

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

secreted by the parietal cells

Alkaline tide

the replacement of chloride ions in the plasma by bicarbonate ions making the plasma more alkaline at the height of digestion

Achlorhydria

absence of free HCl

Aclorhydria Gastrica

absence of free HCl is below normal

Hypochlorhydria

the production of free HCl is below normal

GASTRIC LIPASE

a fat-digesting enzyme but does not initiate fat digestion in the stomach because the low pH in the gastric juice makes it inactive

A. PANCREATIC JUICE

is a clear watery solution secreted by the acinar cells of the pancreas having a specific gravity of about 1.007

Vagal stimulation

produces a secretion which is rich in enzymes but comparatively less volume that involves the aid of 2 HORMONES

Secretin

stimulates the secretion of a fluid of high volume and bicarbonate content, but low in enzymes

Pancreozymin

is released from the duodenal mucosa upon contact with the acid chime and produces a secretion similar to vagal stimulation

Only one third is organic which consists of

The powerful proteolytic enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin etc…

TRYPSIN

A proteolytic enzyme secreted as trypsinogen

Trypsinogen

is activated by enterokinase from the mucous entericus

Trypsin

The strongest protein digesting enzyme, if activated in the pancreas, it will cause acute hemorrhage

Pancreatitis

the equivalent of idiopathic sleep death syndrome

CHYMOTRYPSIN

An endopeptidase secreted by acinar cells of the pancreas as chymotrypsinogen

Chymotrypsinogen

is activated by trypsin into chymotrypsin

CHYMOTRYPSIN

It acts on inner peptide bonds of proteins breaking them into peptides

CARBOXYPEPTIDASE & AMINOPEPTIDASE

exopeptidases that attack the outer peptide bonds of peptides to release amino acids

STEAPSIN (Pancreatic lipase)

hydrolyze fats into fatty acids and glycerol

NUCLEODEPOLYMERASES

involves ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

NUCLEODEPOLYMERASES

hydrolyze the corresponding nucleic acid into mononucleotides

INTESTINAL JUICE

It is the combined secretion of the intestinal glands in the different portions of the small intestines (duodenum, jejunum and ileum)

INTESTINAL JUICE

also known as the Succus Entericus

CARBOHYDRASES

enzymes that primarily acts on disaccharides namely

Maltase

splits maltose into two molecules of glucose

Lactase

splits lactose into glucose and galactose

Sucrase (Invertase)

splits sucrose into glucose and fructose

PEPTIDASES

enzymes that acts on amino acids and peptide linkages namely

Amino peptidase

an exopeptidase which attacks the peptide linkage of the terminal amino acid containing the free amine group

Tripeptidases and Dipeptidases

splits tripeptides and dipeptides into their constituent amino acids

NUCLEOSIDASES (Glucosidases or Phosphorylases)

Intracellular, phosphorylytic enzymes that split the corresponding nucleosides into their component ribose or deoxyribose ant purine and pyrimidine bases

two varieties of NUCLEOSIDASES

purine nucleosidase and pyrimidine nucleosidase

BILE

clear, golden yellow, slightly viscid fluid with a bitter taste and a pH of 7.0 to 8.5

FERMENTATION

It is the bacterial degradation of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions

PUTREFACTION

it is the bacterial decomposition of proteins into peptides or amino acids under anaerobic conditions

TOXIN

a poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organism and is usually very unstable, notably toxic when introduced into the tissues and typically capable of inducing antibody formation