CNA Final 1-24

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.

Ethics

The moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity

Laws

A system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.

Bodily Fluids

liquids produced by the body that can carry pathogens: Blood, urine, feces, saliva, sputum, vomit, reproductive secretions and wound drainage. Does not include sweat

Pathogen

A harmful microorganism that can cause disease or infection in humans. Bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.

Occult

Hidden, or not visible to the naked eye.

Respiration

Inhalation and exhalation

Lymph

Clear, watery fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system. Removes waste, fight infection and return excess fluid into bloodstream.

Gland

An organ that produces and releases substances the body needs, Hormones, enzymes or fluids. Endocrine glands: release into bloodstream. Exocrine glands: release through ducts.

Aspiration

When food, liquid, saliva or vomit enters the airway or lungs.

Orthostatic BP

A set of pressure measurements taken lying, sitting, and standing to check for orthostatic hypotension.

NPO

Nothing by mouth

NCS

No concentrated sweets

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing

Bengin

Not harmful or non-cancerous

Malignant

Cancerous, harmful, able to spread

Flexion

The bending of a body part

Extension

The straightening of a body part

Terminal

Disease or condition that cannot be cured and will eventually lead to death

Atrophy

Weakening or wasting away of muscles due to lack of use, disease or poor nutrition.

5 rights of delegation

right task, right circumstances, right person, right direction/communication, and right supervision/evaluation

Medicare

A federal health insurance program for people who are 65+ or have certain disabilities

Medicaid

A state and federal program that provides health insurance for people with low income.

Surverys

Inspections done by the state to ensure LTC facilities meet regulations and provide safe care

Policies & Procedures

Polices-what the facility expects

Procedures-how tasks must be done

Long term care facilites

Provide 24-hour care for people who cannot care for themselves; includes nursing, ADLs and rehabilitation

Trauma-Informed care

Approach that recognizes past trauma and avoids triggering or re-traumatizing residents

Differences in Healthcare Settings

Hospital- Short-term acute care

LTC- Long-term, ongoing care

Home health- Care in the home

Assisted living- Some independence with support

NA scope or practice

CAN: basic care, ADLs, vital signs, CANNOT: give meds, insert tubes, make diagnoses, or perform sterile procedures.

Professionalism & Hygiene

Clean uniform, good hygiene, punctuality, respectful behavior, following facility rules

Nursing Proces

Assessment → Diagnosis → Planning → Implementation → Evaluation

Care team roles

RN: Makes care plan

LPN: Gives meds, treatments

CNA: Provides basic care

Therapists: PT/OT/ST

Social worker: Emotional and social support

Dietitian: Nutrition

PHI

Protected health information: CNAs share only with the care team

Residents’ rights

Legal rights under OBRA: dignity, privacy, choice, safety, participating in care

Abuse

Intentional harm - physical, emotional, sexual or financial

OBRA

Federal law improving quality or care in LTC; sets training standards for CNAs

Ombudson

Resident advocate who investigates complaints

PSDA

Patient Self-Determination Act: residents must be informed of their right to make decisions

Advance Directives

Legal documents stating a person’s wishes for care (living will DPOA)

Different forms of Abuse

Physical, emotional, sexual, financial, neglect, involuntary seclusion

HIPAA

Law protecting resident privacy and health information

Objective information

Facts you can see, hear, touch or measure

Incident

Unexpected event that harms or could harm a resident

Military Time

24-hour clock used in healthcare

Charting

Documenting care accurately and immediately

Communication Process/Barriers

Sender → Message → Receiver

Barriers: language, culture, hearing loss, assumptions

Standard Precautions

Treat all blood and body fluids as infections

Chain of Infection

Agent → Reservoir → Portal of exit → Transmission → Portal of entry → Host

C. Diff

Contact precautions. a bacterium that can cause diarrhea and inflammation of the colon, often following antibiotic use.

COVID-19

Droplet/airborne. A contagious respiratory disease, affecting multiple organs and ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.

Tuberculosis

Airborne. a bacterial infection that usually affects your lungs. It can also spread to other organs.

Bloodborne pathogen standard

OSHA rule protecting workers from exposure; includes Hep B vaccine.

Transmission-Based precautions

Contact, droplet, airborne

Donning PPE

Gown → Mask → Goggles → Gloves

Body Mechanics

Using the body safely: bend knees, wide base, keep load close

SDS

Safety Data Sheet for chemicals

Restraints

Devices limiting movement; require a doctor’s order

Fire Response

RACE: Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish

Fall Prevention

Non-skid footwear, call light within reach, clear pathways

Oxygen therapy precautions

No smoking, keep tubing safe, avoid kinks

Aging senses

Decreased vision, hearing taste, smell and touch

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Life-threatening complication of diabetes; high blood sugar, fruity breath.

Seizures

Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain; protect the head, do not restrain

Burn care

Cool water, no ice, cover with clean cloth

Controlling bleeding

Apply pressure, elevate if possible,

Abdominal Thrusts

Used for conscious choking adults

NA role in emergencies

stay calm, follow facility protocol, get help

ADLs

Activities of daily living: bathing, dressing, toileting, and eating

Human Development

Growth and changes across the lifespan

Developmental disabilities

lifelong conditions affecting learning and functioning

Holistic Care

Caring for the whole person: physical, emotional, social and spiritual

Spiritual needs

Respect beliefs and practices

Sexual needs

Respect privacy and dignity

Promoting good health

Exercise, nutrition, sleep, hygiene

Normal Aging Changes

Slower movement, decreased strength, memory changes

Religious dietary practices

Kosher, halal, fasting, vegetarian restrictions

Skin characteristics

Largest organ; protects, regulates temperature

Digestion Process

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large intestine

Reproductive Aging Changes

Men: Decreased Sperm

Women: Menopause

Urinary Changes & UTIs

More frequent urination, higher infection risk; CNAs encourage fluids and hygiene

Positioning

Turning residents every 2 hours; maintain alignment

Lifts

Mechanical devices for transfers; require training

Body mechanics

Safe movement principles

Assistive devices

Canes, walkers or wheelchairs

Draw sheet

Used to reposition residents safely

Weighing a resident

Same time, same scale, same clothing, zero out assistive devices

Admission role

Help settle residents, take vitals and inventory belongings

Adjustment to admission/discharge

Provide reassurance; transitions can be stressful

OBRA

Regulates LTC quality and CNA training

Physical exams role

Prepare room, gather equipment, support resident

Discharge

Help pack, ensure safety, document

Supine

flat on back

Prone

lying on stomach

Lateral

side lying

SIMS

left side lying

Fowlers

semi sitting

Dorsal recumbant

supine, but knees are bent

Lithotomy

lying on back, legs are bent 90 degrees, legs typically in stirrups

Bed Terms

Occupied Bed: A bed is made while the resident is still in it

Unoccupied Bed: A bed is made when no resident is in it

Closed Bed: Completely made with bed spread and blankets in place

Open Bed: A bed with the linens folded down to the foot of the bed

Why and when Linens are changed often

Why: To prevent infection and promotes comfort

When: Soiled, wet, wrinkly