history paper 2

health and the poeple c1000 to the present day

what was medical training like in the beginning

medical training was to read church approved texts such as galen

what were supernatural beliefs domainted treatments

the doctorine of signatures was followed. it taught that god had the power to create illness and guided doctors on treatments

doctors used zodiac charts to decide treatments and when to operate.

what natural treatments were used

doctors and women healers had a good knowledge of how to use herbs to treat illness. for example with balms made of herbs and honey

breathing problems or eye infections were treated with such balms

doctors used urine charts to diaganose illness

how did hippocrates influence diagonisis and treatments of illness and what did he believe

he taught that clinical oberservations (examining and obversing your patient and keeping detailed records) was very important. it was still underpins in medicine today

theory of the 4 humours said the body consisted of four humours ( blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile) that had to be balanced for good health

treatments such as bleeding was used to prevent and treat illness. it involved opening a vein or applying leeches to draw blood. monks were bled up to eight time a year.

hippocratic collection of books were used to train doctors for hundreds for 100’s of years

what were galens idea

he built on the theory of the four humours

to learn about human anatomy. galen dissected animals. as a result he made errors were accepted because the church banned poeple questioning his work

the church liked galens work because it supported the design theory. galen called good the ‘creator’

how where the church significant in the roles of medicine

christainity taught that god sent illness as punishment for sinful behaviour. to treat illness, poeple had to repent their sins. as a result, prayer was popular treatment.

the church controlled the universities where the doctors where trained. teachings was based on ancient texts written by hippocrates and galen

the church banned medical research and human dissection. roger bacon was sent to prison by the church for adovacting scientific observation

what were medieval hospitals like

hospitals were linked to monasteries or nunneries

there were no doctors. monks and nuns provided nursing care and mainly relied on prayer and herbal treatments

hospitals wards had altars where prayers were regularly said

how did christain ideas differ form islamic ideas in medicine

islamic doctors wrote a medical encyclopaedias. their ideas were spread to britain by the crusaders

islamic philospher and doctor avicenna wrote the canon of medicine it remained an important medical text until the 1700’s

islamic hospitals treated patients and also trained doctors.

how did warfare contributed from surgeons

improved skill in sealing wounds. quicker amputations

new tools including the arrow cup ( designed to remove an arrow - head from the body without causing further damage)

improved ointments

sharing through manuals or diagrams such as the ‘wound man’

what did towns do to improve public health

at local level : most poeple believed it was not their role to ensure good hygiene for others

at national level : the king’s role was to protect poeple from invasion not prevent disease

eg: most towns had poor sanitation

bath houses were available. but only for those who could afford them

some regulations were introduced but only in response to epidemics such as the black death. for

what was monasteries public health systems like give examples

monks were educated so knew about hygiene they had fresh clean water that ran through the monstaries the link between illness and germs knowledge was limited so hard

used settling tanks to purify the water in the tanks

stored water in wells and revsoirs

kitchens seprate from the toliets to limit contaimination

had sewers

bathing was compulsory. expected to bath 4 time a year

what were poeple’s ideas about the cause of the black death and disease

miasma theory - bad smells caused illness

what were methods and treatments for the black death

special services and processions asking for god’s forgiveness

prayed to god for forgivness

flagellants - whipping them selves to repent for their sins

clean up streets, dirt and waste

bledding was used a form of treatment ]

natural potions. smelling posies of flowers were used to avoid bad smells

what are the development of new ideas during the reniassce

invention of the mircscope

spent more money on education as they had become wealthier from the black death

poeple began to question the link between god and disease

ideas to spread quicklyy across britain and europe

improved literacy rate increased the number of poeple accessing new scienctific rescearch

who was versalius

dissceted human rather than animals allowed him to prove galen wrong from a number of his theories

worked with skilled artists to show evidence. his book proved the value of human dissection and the need to question others

he had limited impact of treatments. didn’t know the cause of illness and therfore not helpful

who was pare

he wasa frennch army solider for 20 years expermeniting on injured soliders ways to prevent bleeding

hot oil had been used to seal wounds. pare ran out of oil so tried a new recipe and it worked

it invent ligtures instead of caustration. higher success rate

he made a book (works)

limited becasuse only the rich could afford this and only trained doctors knew about it

some poeple reject his theories

who is harvey

he was important a doctor to king james 1 ans king charles the 1

veins contained values and was pumped constantly by the heart challenged galen’s theory blood was produced in the liver

questioned the value of the treatment bleeding

made a books afters some patients refused to let them treat him. reject his theories as they were unable to see the cappileries

how did treatments evolve

new herbs and ideas were introduced that improved treatments

robert burton studied mental illness and jane sharp argued for women led midwifery

working class bought treatments off quacks ( making making false claims about treatments )

what treaments and new ideas were bought in through the plague

prayer and the miasma theory

plague doctors were hired by towns they wore special clothing that covered all parts of the body to prevent them from catching the diease

they also carried amulets showing poeple still believed in supernatural causes

what happened to the numbers of hopsitals overtime

most hospitals were funded by the rich through donations. the church role in the church was reduced

in 1741 raised money to open the foundling hospital. it supported vunerable childern until the age of 15 demand was greater thsn palces avaiable

nurses continued to be untrained and unskilled

provided care for the most vunerable

how did the royal colleges of surgeons improve

1600: royal college of physicians established

1700: practising apprenticiship had been served an apprenticship

1800: royal college of surgoens established it exaimed of surgoens practising within a 7 mile radius

1811: compulsory for all surgoens to attend a 1 year course in atomony

1813: they had to work in a hospital for atleast one year before qualified

who was john hunter

humter trained many surgeons many british surgoens after 1768

hunter encourged dissection to advance the understanding of anatomony

he told them to trust the body’s natural would healing process

hunter taught the importance of obversation and experiment

edward jenner followed these principles and it allowed him to discover vaccinations

what is inoculation and what did it do

inoculation was widely used to prevent smallpox

smallpox caused blindness and scarring widely feared

inoculation was giving poeple low doses for small pox to make a person immune

in 1721 lady montagu introduced it to england. it became popular

who introduced the first vaccine and how

edward jenner infected jame phillip with pus from cowpox sores. it gave james immunity known as a vaccination

jenner was unable to explain this but it worked so gov made it eventually cumpsolory

why was there opposition to vaccinations

inoculation doctors opposed it because it threathened their business

many poeple thought it was wrong to inject cow pox into humans

small pox was a punishment from god and believed prevention interfered with god’s will

the anti cumplosry vaccination league was set up in 1866 argued that it was the parents right to see if the child should be vaccinated

who is louis pasteur

louis pasteur work was a major breakthrough in mircobiology

using jenners work on vaccination, pasteur experimented and developed new vaccinations for chicken cholera and rabies

inspired by pasteur, joseph lister was successfully used antiseptics to reduce infection during and after sugery

what did robert koch do

robert koch found a way to stain bacteria, making them easy to identify under a mircoscope. it allowed him to link specific germs to specific diseases

koch identified the cause to britain major’s killers diphtheria and typhiod. fewer poeple died

his technique allowed other scienctists to do their own mircobe hunting

what did erhlich do

paul erhlich used scienctist experiments to identify and treat disease

in 1910 he created salvaran 606. the chemical killed germs causing syphilis

salvaran 606 only targeted the specific germ that caused syphilis

how were diagonis improved by new techonolgy

stethoscope invented in paris 1816 and became more common in 1850 - it enabled doctors to hear workings of the body and assess a patients health more precisely

x-ray machine - allowed surgoens to see bones and assess the patients illnesses more accurately

thermometers - gave doctors accurate records of patients temperutre

what did james simpson do

he used ether as an anaesthetic (pain relief) but wanted to discover a more effective method

in 1847 simpson discovered chloroform was an effective anaesthic after experimenting with friends

simspin quickly used choloform during child birth and other operations

simpsons wrote articles encouraging other surgeons to use . he aurgued that choloform allowed surgeons to do longer and more complex surgeries

wasn’t accepted till queen victoria used in childbirth in1853 she later blessed the drug

some surgoen stopped using it in 1870 as it didn’t reduce moralilty rate. longer surgeries led to increase blood loss and deeper infections.

explain the develpoment in 1867 lister development in antiseptic surgery

1867 - after reading about germ theory lister experimented with carbolic acid spray to reduce an infection during surgery. morality rate fell from 46 per cent to 15 per cent

1870 - lister started to sterlise his operating room and patients wounds with carbolic acid

1871- lister invented a machine automaatically spray his operating room with carbolic acid

1977 - lister started to train surgoens

why where lister’s methods not accepted

carbolic acid slowed operations

it made operating conditions unpleasent