Science and Technology Standard Ten Part - 2 Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards based on the Science and Technology Part 2 lecture notes for Standard Ten, covering Genetics, Evolution, Life Processes, Environmental Management, and Disaster Management.

Who is known as the pioneer of the modern genetics?

Gregor Johann Mendel

In 1901, what theory helped explain the reasons behind sudden biological changes?

The mutational theory of Hugo de Vries

Who observed paired chromosomes in the cells of a grasshopper in 1902?

Walter Sutton

Which trio of scientists proved in 1944 that DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms except viruses?

Oswald Avery, Mclyn McCarty, and Colin McLeod

What is the 'Central Dogma' in molecular biology?

The process where proteins are synthesized by DNA through the RNA.

What is the process of RNA synthesis called?

Transcription

What is a 'triplet codon'?

A code for each amino acid consisting of three nucleotides present on the mRNA.

Which Indian-origin scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1968 for the discovery of triplet codons for 20 amino acids?

Dr Har Govind Khorana

Define 'Translocation' as it occurs during protein synthesis.

The process where the ribosome moves from one end of mRNA to the other end by the distance of one triplet codon.

What is a 'mutation' in genetic terms?

Any change where a nucleotide of a gene changes its position, causing a minor or considerable change.

Define 'Evolution' according to the theory of gradual development.

Evolution is the gradual change occurring in living organisms over a long duration, leading to the development of organisms and the formation of new species.

What are 'vestigial organs'?

Degenerated or underdeveloped useless organs of organisms, such as the appendix or tail-bone in humans.

Who developed the 'carbon dating' method based on the radioactive decay of naturally occurring C-14?

Willard Libby

Which animal serves as a connecting link between Annelida and Arthropoda?

Peripatus

What are 'connecting links' in the study of evolution?

Plants or animals that show morphological characters by which they can be related to two different groups.

What is the main principle of Darwin's theory of evolution?

Natural selection, often summarized as 'survival of the fittest.'

What is 'Lamarckism'?

The theory that morphological changes occurring in living organisms are responsible for evolution based on the 'use or disuse of organs' and the inheritance of acquired characters.

Who is considered the first example of 'wise-man' (Homo sapiens)?

Neanderthal man

How much energy is obtained per gram of carbohydrates?

$$4\,Kcal$$

What is the 'energy currency' of the cell?

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

Identify the steps of aerobic respiration.

1. Glycolysis, 2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle), 3. Electron transfer chain reaction.

What is the alternative name for Glycolysis?

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP pathway)

Where does the process of glycolysis occur?

Inside the cytoplasm of the cell.

What is the most abundant protein found in nature?

The enzyme RUBISCO found in plant chloroplasts.

How much energy is obtained per gram of lipids?

$$9\,KCal$$

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Name the two main types of cell division.

Mitosis and Meiosis.

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes arrange themselves parallel to the equatorial plane of the cell?

Metaphase

What is the result of Meiosis?

Four haploid (n) daughter cells are formed from one diploid (2n) cell, providing genetic recombination.

Name the method of asexual reproduction where an organism like Planaria breaks into parts and each part grows the remaining body.

Regeneration

What type of reproduction involves 'eyes' in potatoes or buds on the leaf margin of Bryophyllum?

Vegetative Propagation

What are the 'essential whorls' of a flower?

Androecium (male) and Gynaecium (female), as they perform the function of reproduction.

Describe 'Double Fertilization' in plants.

A process where one male gamete unites with the egg cell to form a zygote, and a second male gamete unites with two polar nuclei to form endosperm.

In the human male reproductive system, where are sperms produced?

Testes (specifically in the seminiferous tubules).

What are the four hormones that control the human menstrual cycle?

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone.

What is 'In Vitro Fertilization' (IVF)?

A technique where fertilization is brought about in a test-tube and the resulting embryo is implanted in the uterus.

Define 'Social Health'.

The ability of a person to establish relationships with other persons and change behavior according to changing social conditions.

What is 'Hacking'?

The act of obtaining confidential information about governments, institutes, or companies from the internet using computer programs or other ideas for misuse.

What is 'Green Energy'?

Energy generated from perpetual sources like water reservoirs, wind, sunlight, or biofuels that do not lead to environmental degradation.

Define 'Bioremediation'.

The use of plants and microorganisms to absorb or destroy toxic chemicals and harmful pollutants from the environment.