Rhode to Medicine EXAM

Plasma membrane encases the cell to keep…; allows…

Separates the..

Cytoplasm is what environment…; holds the..; perform various

Nuclear membrane is what kind of lipid membrane; separates

Nuclear membrane is directly connected to the…

Nucleus contains the..; which is vital for…; via …

toxic substances out; molecule & nutrients to move in & out

internal processes of cell from extracellular environment

aqeous; organelles; metabolic activities

double-layered lipid membrane; nucleus from cytoplasm

rough endoplasmic reticulum

genetic info of cell; survival; replication & product secretion

Endoplasmic Reticulum is the site of …

Rough ER is the part covered with..; functions in…; found in…

Smooth ER functions in…; important for..; found in…

Golgi Apparatus site of; proteins leave...to come here

Protein vesicles come in from…; and leave from the…

Proteins are then; to prevent; help with; allow protein to

protein & lipid synthesis

ribosome; protein synthesis; liver, pancreas, GI tract, salivary

lipid/steroid synthesis; detox of drugs & toxins; muscles

protein modification; ER

cis face; trans face

modified; degradation; direction; be recognized by receptors

Endosomes are ..; that close to form an…; transports…

Lysosomes are acidic organelles that…; generates…

Peroxisomes are organelles that contain…

Peroxisomes IMPORTANT FUNCTION IS IN…

Proteasomes destroy…; identifies …; marked by…

invaginations in cell; endosome; contents to lysosome

break down waste, fat, carbs, protein; simple compounds

oxidative enzymes used to detoxify & metabolize substances

beta oxidation of fatty acids

misshapen/misfolded proteins using ATP; ubiquitin

Mitochondria generates…; needed for..

Typical cell has …; energy stored in…; mitochondria have own

Nucleus is the …; what of the cell? regulates..

Stores what material ..; site of..; includes a; which is produced..

energy; biochemical reactions in cell

100-2,500 mitochondria in it; ATP; DNA inherited from mothers

largest organelle; control center; cell’s function

genetic; DNA replication/transcription; nucleolus; ribosomes

Cell Cycle has how many phases? What are they?

Interphase is what phase? M phase is what phase?

What’s included in interphase? What’s included in M phase?

2; interphase & M phase

growth phase; mitosis

G0,G1,S,G2; prophase, prometa, meta, anaphase, telophase

G1 is …; S is…; G2 is…; G0 is…

Prophase is when chromosomes are; Metaphase is when they

Anaphase is when…; Telophase is when chromosomes …

Cytokinesis is a split into…

prep for replication; replication of DNA; prep mitosis; resting

condensed; align at center

duplicated DNA separates; are decondensed

two daughter cells

Cell Cycle Regulators include?

Mitogens are …; they signal…

Mitogens function via …; which are enzymes that…

Growth factors stimulates…

Checkpoints does what …; if conditions for replication aren’t…

DNA damage can..; or initiate…

mitogens & checkpoints

extracellular signaling molecules; cell division

cyclin dependent kinases; direct cell to next growth stage

growth in size

stops cell at that phase; appropriate

arrest cell division; signaling pathways

G1-S checkpoint is before entry into..

Cdks activates..; which are normally…

G2-M checkpoint is before..

M checkpoint is before…

Central dogma is ..

s-phase

E2F proteins; inhibited

mitosis

anaphase/cytokinesis

DNA to RNA to Protein

DNA bases are…; DNA is …

DNA is the …; that determines what expressions? Functions?

RNA bases are…; RNA is…

RNA is the..; that is produced when…

Protein amino acids are…

Protein is a polypeptide that is created from the…; which is…

A, T, G, C; transcription

genetic info; genotypical & phenotypical; cell & protein function

A, U, G, C; translation

transcript; DNA strand is copied

Lys, Arg, Val

mRNA transcript; functional product of genes

PCR copies …; useful for making ..

Useful for determining if DNA is…; & determining how much…

Step 1; Step 2; Step 3: Step 4

PCR needs to include…

Heating sample does what? Cooling?

Warming?

DNA molecules in a sample; more DNA from small amount

present (does it amplify); DNA is present (time to amplify)

heat sample; cool; warm; repeat

sample, DNA polymerase, primer, nucleotides

denature DNA; primer binds to complementary DNA

DNA polymerase elongates from primer

Blotting is used to identify presence of..

Step 1…; Step 2

Step 3; Step 4; Step 5

Southern is…; Northern is…; Western is…

Flow cytometry analyzes…; as they move through a..

Important components in this technique are…; also used for..

different molecules

cleave DNA w/ restriction nucleases; gel electrophoresis

blotting; add probe/wash unbound; paper exposes bound DNA

DNA; RNA: Protein

cells; narrow stream in a fluid medium

flow cell, laser, photodectector; antibody staining

ELISA or …

Technique that identifies …

4 types include..

Difference between direct & indirect is that antibody is…

Sandwich has a …

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

antigens/antibodies in serum based on color change reaction

direct, indirect, sandwich, competitive

not enzyme-linked in indirect

high specificity

FISH or…; is when a fluorescent DNA probe is added to a..

Determines which chromosome…

Used to identify …

fluorescence in situ hybridization

contains gene of interest

microdeletions, translocations, duplications

Cranial is …; Caudal is ..

Anterior is..; Posterior is…

Superior is…; Inferior is…

Medial is …; Lateral is..

Proximal is…; Distal is …

How many body planes are there? name them

head; tail

front; back

top; bottom

closer to midline; farther from midline

closer to trunk; farther from trunk

3; coronal/frontal, transverse & sagittal

Coronal/frontal splits into…

Transverse splits into..

Sagittal splits into…

Fertilization is a generalized…

Four phases of early development are?

anterior & posterior

superior & inferior

medial & lateral or left and right

acrosomal process

cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, neurulation

Phase 1 is ..; this includes rapid; of..; without..; that leads to

Phase 2 is …; which is ..

This forms the..; also known as..; also forms..; also known as

cleavage; cell division (mitosis); zygote; growth; morula

blastulation; migration & differentiation of the morula

inner cell mass; embryoblast; outer cell mass; trophoblast

Phase 3 is …; which is formation of the ..; that induces…

Phase 3 also forms the …; induces thickening of..; forms…

What are the 3 germ layers? This goes from..

Phase 4 is…; forms..

gastrulation; primitive streak; formation of 3 germ layers

notochord; ectoderm; neural plate & begins neuralation

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm; bilaminar to trilaminar disk

neurulation; neural fold/groove/crest & neural tube

Ectoderm is the ..; it becomes…

Mesoderm is the…; it becomes..

Endoderm is the…; it becomes …

outer layer; skin, hair, nails, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve

middle layer; muscle, bone, blood vessels, heart, kidneys

inner layer; lining of GI & respiratory, liver, pancreas

Cleavage is when zygote undergoes..; to form morula or…

Blastulation is when morula cells form ..; with an..

Inner cell mass becomes the..; that gives rise to..

Outer cell mass becomes..; that gives rise to..

Implantation when blastocysts implants in..; what disintegrates

cell divisions; hollow ball of cells

blastocyst; inner & outer cell mass

embryoblast; bilaminar disk, embryo & fetus

trophoblast; placenta

uterus; zona pellucida

Gastrulation is formation of..; to transform the..; into..

Primative groove induces; to move through replacing; becomes

Epiblasts continue to move down but now towards; becomes

primitive streak; bilaminar disk; trilaminar disk

epiblast cells; hypoblast; endoderm

the head; mesoderm

Remaining epiblasts in top layer become..

Epiblasts now move through ..; towards..; forming the

Neurulation is when notochord thickens…; forms..

Drops down to form..; lateral folds form..; structures on edge

ectoderm

primitive node; head; notochord

ectoderm; neural plate

lateral folds; neural tube; neural crest cells

Mitosis is cell division that occurs in…; where mother cell…

Mitosis consists of what stages?

Homologous chromosome is related…

Two chromatids make up a …

Sister chromatid are …

all cells; divides to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cell

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

chromosomes of opposite parental origin

chromosome

identical DNA strands of the same chromosome

Centromere is region where…

Kinetochore is protein found on…

Centrosome is an organelle that..

sister chromatids are tightly connected

centromere where microtubules bind to chromosomes

pulls chromosomes apart

Prophase or …; is when DNA…

Centrioles migrate to…; what forms..; what begins to disappear

Prometaphase when chromosomes become; what disappears

Mitotic spindle…; and binds to..

preparation; condenses into compact chromosomes

opposite poles; mitotic spindle; nuclear envelope & nucleolus

more condensed; nuclear envelope

grows; kinetochores of chromosomes

Metaphase is when all chromosomes..

Two kinetochores of each chromosome should be…

Anaphase are when kinetochores…; sister chromatids …

Telophase re-establishes …; as what occurs?

Chromosomes … intro stringy form; what reforms? disappear?

Telophase forms …

line up on metaphase plate

attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles

shorten; separate from each other & pulled to opposite poles

normal structures; cytokinesis (division of cell contents)

decondense; nuclear membrane & nucleoli; mitotic spindle

2 new identical daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes

Nervous system is composed of what divisions?

Skull is made of bones that…

Calvaria are part of the skull that…

Holes in brain called..; allow…

Brain includes…

central nervous system & peripheral nervous system

surround and protect the brain

wraps around the brain

foramen; blood vessels & nerves to enter & leave skull

spinal cord, carotids, nerves of face/eyes/skin

Nerve tracts that supply face stem from brain directly are…

Nerve tract supplying part of skull, neck, body from spinal cord

How are neurons different from other cells?

Dendrites are …; that increase…; to catch…

Cell body & nucleus carry the…; and house most of…

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

they have a dendrite, axon, and soma

branches or fingers; surface area; neurotransmitters

genetic material; metabolic proteins of the cell

Axon hillock are …; transmitted through…; generation of

Axon transmits…

Myelin sheath are layers of …; that ..; includes..

Axon terminal & synapses are release of…

Meninges are three …; that surround the …

From innermost to outermost, the meninges are?

electrical changes; cell membrane culminate; action potential

action potential

lipids; insulate the electrical potential; white vs grey matter

neurotransmitters

protective membranes; brain & spinal cord

pia mater, arachnoid mater, & dura mater

Dura mater is the ..; functions in..; anchors…

Contains…

Arachnoid mater is the..; contains..

Acts as a …; also has..

Pia mater is the …; tightly adhered to…

Follows…; facilitates..; barrier between…

tough, outermost layer; structural protection; brain inside skull

venous sinuses for blood drainage

web-like middle layer; subarachnoid space with CSF

shock absorber; CSF exchange, circulation, nerves

thin, delicate layer; brain/spinal cord surface

brain’s contour; blood vessel entry; CNS tissue & CSF

Gyri are..; Sulci are..; 2 main sulci include…; sulci does what?

Frontal lobe functions in complex…; examples of skills

Temporal lobe functions in?

Parietal lobe functions in?

Occipital lobe functions in?

Cerebellum functions in?

bumps; grooves; central & lateral sulcus; increase surface area

human behavior/process; problem-solving, memory, judgement

auditory processing

emotional & sensory except visual

visual processing

visuospatial (fine tuning) & motor adjustments/balance

Brain homunculus is from …

Left brain controls…; Right brain controls…

Broca’s area is in..; manages …; coordination of..

Wernicke’s area is in…; manages …

If you get cut on face or scalp, what major artery supplies this?

midline of cortex to lateral cortex

right side of body; left side of body

frontal lobe; speech production; muscles & muscle processing

temporal lobe; speech processing & hearing integration

external carotid artery

External carotid artery branches from the..; to..; to ..; to…

External carotid artery supplies blood to…; not to the…

Internal carotid artery branches from..; includes…

• Anterior cerebral artery is from

• Middle cerebral artery travels out of the

• Posterior cerebral artery travels ..; to be the …

aorta; subclavian; common carotid; external & internal carotid

mainly everywhere outside of the skull; brain

common carotid; anterior/middle/posterior cerebral artery

midline & anterior of the brain

travels out of lateral fissure

inferior & posterior; major supply of occipital lobe

Circle of Willis is a network of..; located at..

Connecting the brain’s 2…; called the..

Grey matter acts as brain’s..; white matter acts as the…

Grey matter is where info is..; white matter is where it is…

arteries; base of the brain

main blood supplies; internal carotid & vertebrobasilar systems

processing center; communication network

created; transmitted

Cerebellum functions in..; also in..

Converses with the,..; for ..; how many layers…

Cerebellar damage can be due to..

Can be due to …; can be secondary to..

Can present clinically as…

visuospatial (fine tuning); motor adjustments & balance

spinal cord & brain; balance & movement modulation; 3

loss of blood & oxygen due to blood vessel issue/compression

blunt/penetrative trauma; treatment of hypernatremia

intention tremor, dysarthia, dysdiadokinesis

Intention tremor is difficulty with..

Dysarthia is difficulty …; Dysdiadokinesis is difficulty with…

What is key in diagnosing neural conditions?

How many cranial nerves are there?

Name the spinal vertebrae

How many cervical? thoracic? lumbar & sacral; coccyx

targeting movement

coordinating speech; repetitive movements

neurology physical exam

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

8; 12; 5; 1

Motor nerves exit the…; Sensory nerves enter the…

Ventral remus has mixed (motor/sensory) that is…

Dorsal ramus has mixed nerves from the …

Arteries run…; name the spinal arteries?

These arteries are…

Anastomoses are ..; that have…; if one’s cut off, others can …

ventral root; dorsal root

coming out & in from the anterior half (transverse cut)

posterior half

up & down spinal cord; anterior, posterior & spinal arteries

anastomoses

blood vessels; dual or multiple supplies;supply to some degree

Nerve resting membrane potential is..; maintained by the…

A threshold stimulus depolarizes membrane to..; triggering..

Depolarization is when…; rushes in through..

Membrane potential rapidly becomes..; peaking around..

Repolarization is when…; voltage gated K+ channels..; &

-70mV; Na+/K+ ATPase (3Na+ out, 2K+in) & leak channels

-55mV; voltage-gayed Na+ channels to open

Na+; open voltage-gated Na+ channels

positive; +30mV

Na+ channels inactivate; open; K+ exits the cell

Hyperpolarization when K+ channels stay; causing membrane

Resting state restoration is when K+ channels..; &…

Membrane potential returns to..; ready for the next…

open a bit too long; potential to become more negative

close; Na+/K+ ATPase restores original ion gradients

-70mV; action potential

Myelin acts as an..; lowers…; so less charge is needed to…

This means the membrane charges faster during…

As a result, action potential propagates more…

Transmitting depolarization, while not..; needs to be reset at…

insulator; membrane capacitance; change membrane potential

depolarization & minimizes ion leakage

quickly along the axon

re-establishing the full potential; Nodes of Ranvier

Pre-synaptic include…

Postsynaptic include…

Neurotransmitter is an..; increases or decreases…; making it…

Nature of postsynaptic cell or receptor include options…

Presynaptic channels are more or less..

voltage gated Ca2+ channels & neurotransmitter vesicles

postsynaptic receptor

activator or inhibitor; resting MPl; easier or harder to depolarize

activator or inhibitor

sensitive

Stroke is a sudden…; to part of..; leading to…

Classic symptoms of stroke include…

Ischemic is what % of all strokes?

Ischemic is loss of ..; can be due to ..; tissue is deprived of..

One treatment includes…; which is a medication that…

Another treatment includes…

acute loss of blood flow; brain; cell death & neurological deficit

facial droop, arm weakness, speech difficulties, time to call

85+% of all strokes

blood flow due to blockage; clot or emvolus; oxygen & nutrients

tissue plasminogen activator; break apart clot & increase blood

thrombectomy

Hemorrhagic stroke is % of all strokes? It is a …

Can be due to ..

Causes bleeding…; what can occur?

Treatment includes?

15%; blood vessel rupture

hypertension or aneurysm

into & around the brain; compression of brain

blood pressure control & surgery

Epidural hemorrhage is bleeding…

Rupture is..; often due to…

Common symptoms include…; followed by…

Symptoms also include..; presentation on CT is…

Timespan is..; it is a form of…

between skull and dura mater

classically middle meningeal artery; temporal bone fracture

lucid interval; rapid deterioration, headache, vomiting, seizures

fixed dilated pupil due to CN III compression; convex

minutes to hours; rapid progression

Subdural hemorrhage is bleeding between…

Rupture includes…; which are veins between the…

Common in …; presentation on CT…

Symptoms include…

Timespan is..; slower onset due to…

dura and arachnoid mater

bridging veins; dura & venous system shearing stress

elderly, alcoholics, infants (shaken baby)
worsening headache, confusion, drowsiness, hemiparesis

hours to days to weeks; venous bleed

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage is bleeding within ..

Most common cause is..; other causes include…

Often occurs at…

Symptoms include…

Timespan is …; variable depending on…

brain tissue itself

hypertension; trauma, tumor, amyloid angiopathy

lenticulostriate arteries

focal neurological deficits, nausea, vomiting, headache

acute; cause

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding into…

Classically…; which is a rupture at…; cause also includes…

Classically Berry aneurysm is in…

Symptoms include..

Timespan is…

subarachnoid space (betwene arachnoid & pia)

Berry aneurysm; bifurcation of medium sized vessels; trauma

circle of willis

thunderclap headache, photophobia, stiff neck, periventricular

sudden explosive onset

Integumentary system contains…; largest organ in the body is..

Functions include…

Layers of the skin include…

Layers of epidermis include?

Layers of dermis include?

Epidermis is the ..; dermis is the…; hypodermis is…

skin, hair, nails, glands, connective tissue; skin

waterproof barrier, thermoregulation, protection, sensation

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

papillary dermis & reticular dermis

epithelial tissue; connective tissue; adipose (fat)

Stratum corneum consists of…; serves as a …

Stratum lucidum serves as..; only found in…

Stratum granulosum functions in…

Stratum spinosum is the…; functions in…

Stratum basale is the..; contains…

dead, flat keratinized cells; protective barrier

extra protection; palms & soles of feet

waterproofing & keratin production

thickest; mechanical strength & flexibility, keratin production

proliferative layer of stem cells; melanocytes

Keratinocyte begins by stem cell dividing into…

As new cells are produced, older cells are pushed upward into

That is where the cells…

Cells continue to..; accumulate more..; then breakdown in the...

Stratum granulosum releases…

Cells die in the ..; then they..; eventually …

two daughter cells in stratum basale

stratum spinosum

flatten & synthesize keratin

flatten; keratin; stratum granulosum

lipids that form waterproof barrier

stratum corneum; shed; replaced by new cells

Epithelium layers include?

Epithelium shape include?

Special types of epithelium include?

simple & stratified

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

pseudostratified & transitional

Simple has how many layers..; stratified has how many layers

Squamous shape is..; cuboidal is..; columnar is…

Components of connective tissue are…

Fibroblast is the…; extracellular matrix includes…

Function of connective tissue is to support, connect, & protect..

Connective tissue is the site of…

one layer; multiple layers

flat; square; rectangular

fibroblasts (main cell) & extracellular matrix (ECM)

main cell; fibers & ground substance

other tissues & organs in the body

immune surveillance & communication

Connective tissue is based on..; types are..

Loose (areolar) has few..; lots of..; is..; supports the…

Dense has many..; less..; is..; resistant to…

Dense has what subparts?

Reticular is a type what collagen network…; supports…

Adipose is specialized for…

Specialized structures?

fiber type & cells; loose, dense, reticular, adipose, specialized

fibers; ECM; flexible; epithelium

fibers; ECM; strong; stress

dense regular & dense irregular

type III; soft organs

energy storage & insulation

cartilage, bone, blood

Dense regular has…; can withstand..

Dense irregular have…; which withstands…

Loose found in..; Dense regular; Dense irregular; reticular?

Key players in embryogenesis of mesodermal tissue are..

These are a group of ..; that …

Stem cells can turn into..

parallel collagen fibers; unidirectional force

irregular collagen bundles; multi-directional force

GI tract or colon; tendon; skin; liver

mesenchymal cells

undifferentiated cells; travel & form structures

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts

Fibroblasts turn into..; chondroblasts into; osteoblasts to

Type 1 is production of..; Type 2

Type 3 is …; seen in tissues specializing in..

Type 4 is ..

collagen; cartilage; bone

bone; cartilage (tendons, hyaline, elastic)

flexible & structural; stretching & expanding

basement membrane

Scurvy is caused by…; it is a type of..

Vitamin C deficiency leads to …

This is a common condition seen in…; and those who were on

Symptoms include…

Vitamin C sources include…

vitamin D deficiency; joint pain

inability to produce/replenish collagen

pirates; long sea voyages starved of vitamin C

weakness/fatigue, bleeding gum, loose teeth,anemia, joint pain

citrus fruits, berries, leafy greens

Collagen is produced by…

Articular cartilage are when chondrocytes are embedded in..

ECM contains mainly..

Functions include high…; uniform distribution of..; reduces…

Dermatologist use what to diagnose

chondrocytes

lacunae

collagen type II fibers

shock absorption; force over joint surface; friction

dermatoscope & biopsy

Bone cells develop from…; to..

Osteoblasts are main …; they calcify it to make it…

Osteoblasts integrate..

Osteocytes hang out in…; & aids in maintaining…

Monocyte/macrophages are …; they are..

osteoblasts; osteocytes

builders of bone; durable

calcium hydroxyapatite

mature bone; bone health by monitoring stress & damage

immune cells; osteoclasts

Parts of long bones are…

Epiphysis is; diaphysis is main..; metaphysis where it changes

Layers of bone are…

Cortex is the …; has a …; which is a membranous …

Medullary cavity is a hollow …; in ..; has an…

Endosteum is the …; that line the …

Flat bones have functionally…

epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis

ends of bones; middle of bone; from diaphysis to epiphysis

cortex & medullary cavity

dense, hard outer layer of bone; periosteum; outer cover

central space; diaphysis filled w/ bone marrow; endosteum

internal layer of cells; medullary cavity

similar layers

Two types of Bone Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is …

It is the unfinished bone from…; includes an..; which is..

It is cancellous/trabeculated meaning it has…

Also is…; which means over time, what is laid?

Intramembranous mesenchyme, endochondral cartilage temp

woven (immature)

step 2 before step 4; osteoid; unmineralized bone (not mature)

trabeculae & blood vessels

Lamellar (mature); calcium & hydroxypatite on immature bone

Endochondral Ossification is the process where bone tissue is

Bony blocks off…; loss of vessels =; spaces created attract…

Produces…

Secondary ossification centers start similarly as…

Segments between primary & secondary center outgrowth are

created by replacing existing hyaline cartilage template

blood vessels; cartilage death; blood vessels to come in

Primary ossification center

primary but at the epiphysis

epiphyseal growth plates

Haversian Canal contains…

Volkmann canals are..; can contain …; but function mainly to...

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels

horizontal; all 3 vessels; connect parallel longitudinal haversian

Defective collagen cross-linking is

Impaired bone resorption by osteoclasts is

Mutation in gene encoding type I collagen is

Vitamin D deficiency leading to defective mineralization

Deficiency of osteoprotegerin

Ehlers Danlos

osteopetrosis

osteogenesis imperfecta

rickets

paget disease

Osteogenesis Imperfecta is disorder of…

Diagnostic includes DNA testing for…

Can also include what biopsy; to examine what?

Often confused with..

Can live with Type..; Can’t live long term with Type …

collagen type I synthesis

defects (COL1 gene)

bone or skin biopsy; collagen

abuse

1; 2

Three types of muscle are?

Skeletal muscle has what movement? Innervated by..

Purpose is to ..

Has repeating units of …; called..; it is …

skeletal, cardiac, & smooth

voluntary; somatic nervous system

support body & facilitate movement

actin & myosin; sarcomeres; striated & multinucleated

Skeletal muscles attach to …; at locations called..

Contains multiple…; lying ..; and bundled together w/..

Origin is the place on the bone that ..

Insertion is the place on the bone that…

Tendon connects…

Ligaments connects…

bones at locations; origins & insertions

muscle fibers; parallel; connective tissue

does not move during action

moves during action

muscle to bone

bone to bone

Fiber types in Skeletal Muscle…

Myoglobin is a protein that..; mostly in…

Red fiber twitch? high..; relys on..; contracts..; sustains..; ex.

A single skeletal muscle is a..

Sarcoplasm is a ..; sarcoplasmic reticulum is the..; stores…

Sarcolemma is ..; myocytes contain numerous..; which are..

red & white fibers

carries/stores oxygen; muscles

slow; myoglobin; aerobic respiration; slowly; activity; posture

muscle fiber or myocyte

muscle cell cytoplasm; muscle cell ER; Ca2+

muscle cell membrane; myofibrils; contractile organelles

Sarcomere is the basic…; made of..

Thick is ..; thin includes..

Neuromuscular junction is where…

Motor neuron is a neuron w/…; that synapses onto a…

contractile unit of skeletal muscle; thick & thin filaments

myosin; actin, troponin, tropomyosin

neuron meets a muscle

cell body in brain or spinal cord; muscle

Action potential travels along …

Action potential triggers…; what rushes in?

Neuron releases ..; which binds onto…

This binding open…; what rushes in..; causes; triggering what?

axon of neuron to the muscle

Ca2+ channels to open; Ca2+

acetycholine; Ach-specific receptors on the muscle

cation channels; Na+; depolarization; muscle contraction

Filaments do not..; they…; only sarcomeres…

Myosin head bound w/..; binds to..; in presence of..; is a…

Binding of myosin head causes release of…

This triggers a..; example of a ..

Conformation change causes release of..; from the…

Myosin remains bound to …; until a fresh..; binds to the…

Myosin head hydrolyzes the..; to ..; causing myosin head to…

Above is example of…

shorten or lengthen; slide; shorten

ADP & P; actin; Ca2+; crossbridge

phosphate group

conformation change of head that pulls actin; power stroke

ADP; myosin head

actin; ATP molecule; myosin head

ATP to ADP & P; return to original cocked conformation

muscle contraction

Parts of thin filament

Actin is..; troponin senses & binds..; tropomyosin is..; covers..

When muscle fibers are excited, what’s released? binds to…

This pulls …; aside to expose..

Myosin binds to …; then what forms?

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

main structure; Ca2+; threadlike; myosin binding sites on actin

Ca2+; troponin

troponin-tropomyosin complex; binding sites

actin; cross-bridge

Rigor mortis is the cessation of … after death

Without this, myosin heads can’t; as result, muscles remain…

Usually happens..; 1st noticed in..; extends to..; eventually..

Simple twitch is the response of a …

ATP

detach from actin; contracted increasing body stiffness

2-6 hrs postmortem; small muscles; large; body decomposes

single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus

Summation is when a muscle fiber is exposed to…

Causes muscle not to..; contractions…; & become…

Tetanus when muscle contractions become; prolonged causes

frequent & prolonged stimulation

relax; combine; stronger

so frequent it’s unable to flex; muscle fatigue

Cardiac muscle is? Innervated by the..

Purpose is to maintain..; without input from..

Kind of muscle? Structures include..

Relatively…; shape is..; attached to each other via..

involuntary; autonomic nervous system

rhythmic contraction of heart; nervous system

striated; T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, actin, myosin

short; branched; intercalated discs

Intercalated discs are attachment points for..

They contain…; which are channels that allow..

Allows for …

cardiac muscle cells

gap junctions; direct flow of ions between cells

rapid & coordinated depolarization of cardiac muscle cells

Smooth muscle is…; Innervated by the…

Purpose is to regulate …; and constriction/relaxation of…

Found in…

Has a single…; contains…; but not…

Can contract without..; displays what kind of activity?

involuntary; autonomic nervous sytem

contractions of digestive system; blood vessels

respiratory tract, digestive tract, bladder, blood vessel, uterus

nucleus; actin & myosin; striated

nervous system input; myogenic activity

Skeletal innervation? nuclei per cell? needed for contraction

Cardiac innervation? nuclei per cell? needed for contraction

Smooth innervation? nuclei per cell? needed for contraction

Neuromuscular medicine is a specific field of neurology that..

somatic; many; Ca2+

autonomic; 1-2; Ca2+

autonomic; 1; Ca2+

conditions of nerves & muscles

Motor neuron disorder? Nerve roots? Nerve plexus

Peripheral nerve? Neuromuscular Junction? Muscle

Diagnostic tools include..

Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) is a standardized method of…

Tested…; normal strength is..

ALS; radiculopathy; brachial plexopathy

neuropathies; myasthenia gravis; myositis, muscular dystrophy

Nerve conduction, electromyography, muscle biopsy, genetic

testing muscle groups/motions (not individual muscles)

bilaterally; 5

Muscle Strength Exam Step 1

Step 2 assesses…

Step 3 assesses…

Fasciculation is spontaneous…; seen in..

Tremor is an …; seen in…

The above diseases are examples of…

Muscle tone is the …

inspect muscle at rest (bulk, tone, involuntary movement)

muscle tone w/ passive movement of upper/lower extremities

muscle strength in abduction, flexion, plantar/dorsiflexion

discharge of a motor unit; ALS

involuntary, rhytmic oscillatory movement; parkinsons

involuntary movements

resistance of a muscle to passive stretch

Two major types of blood cells are..; what’s also included

White blood cells contain…

Neutrophil is ..; with..

Immunity?; are..; releases…

Eosinophils have..; with …

Defends against…; involved in…

red blood cells & white blood cells; platelets

B cells, T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil

multilobed; cytoplasmic granules

innate;phagocytic;cytokines to enhance inflammatory response

bilobed nucleus; large granules

parasitic worms; hypersensitivity reactions

Basophils have a..; mostly made up of..

Function in what reactions?

Lymphocytes include..; very small…; with a large..

Usually involved in..; which is more innate..

Eythrocyte are; shape..; delivers… lifespan is..; filtered out by

segmented nucleus; basophilic granules

allergic

B, T, NK cells; cytoplasm; nucleus

adaptive immunity; NK cell

anucleate; biconcave; oxygen to tissue; 120 days; spleen

Platelets are involved in..; derived from the..; which lives in the

Size…; large amounts in the…

Macrophages are the..; APC to develop..; in blood are called

Hematopoiesis occurs in the …; it is formation of..

What cells aren’t morphologically distinguishable? which are?

primary hemostasis (clotting); megakaryocyte; bone marrow

very small; in the blood (150-400k)

phagocyte of tissues; adaptive immunity; monocytes

bone marrow; blood cells

stem cell & progenitor cells; precursor cells

Extramedullary hematopoiesis is production of..; outside the..

Leukemias are…; lymphomas are..; can arise from..

Primary hemostasis is the ..

Number of steps in primary hemostasis; name them

Vasoconstriction slows..; end product in this is…

blood cells; bone marrow

blood cancer; lymph node cancer; dysfunctioning blood cells

first defense when bleeding occurs due to injury

3; vasconstriction, platelet adhesion/aggregation, platelet plug

blood down; unstable platelet plug

In vessel injury site, vessel wall will…; its endothelium will..

Gp 1b receptor on..; will bind to..; causing…

Bound platelets release substances that..; platelets use..; to..

This binds…; which is what forms the..

Primary hemostasis is tested by..; longer time can point to..

What can result in a prolonged bleeding time?

constrict; expose von Willebrand factor

platelets; vWf; platelet adhesion

recruit platelets; GpIIb/IIIa receptor; bind to fibrinogen

all platelets together; unstable platelet plug

bleeding time; dysfunction in platelets

thrombocytopenia or defects in platelet function

Secondary Hemostasis is the stabilization of…; prevents the…

Extrinsic pathway function measured by? Intrinsic is by?

Elongated times means…

After primary & secondary hemostasis, what forms?

platelet plug; overgrowth of a platelet plug

PT time; PTT time

dysfunction in factors of that pathway

stabilized fibrin clot

Anemia is a lack of…; leading to…

Can be due to…

Symptoms include…

Megaloblastic Anemia can be due to lack of…; which are involved i…

RBCs are not able to…; leading to them being..; what kind of nucleus?

RBC’s or functioning RBC’s; lack of O2 perfusion to tissue

vitamin, iron, & hemoglobin deficiencies, bursting RBCs

fatigue, heart palpitations, pale, SOB, dizziness

fully mature; large & dysfunctional; hypersegmented

Iron deficiency anemia includes …;a building block of..; which is needed in

Will cause a ..; iron comes from our…; specifically..

Symptoms are similar to those of …

Hemolytic anemia are …'

Intrinsic factors are..; extrinsic factors are..

Intrinsic is problems with; can be…; abnormal RBC membrane? deficiency?

Extrinsic is problems with the..; examples include…

iron; hemoglobin; mature RBCs

microcytic anemia; diet; red meats & poultry

any other anemia

RBCs that break open due to intrinsic/extrinsic factors

fragile RBCs; toxic, shredding environment in the body

RBC itself; abnormal hemoglobin; hereditary spherocytosis; G6PD

RBC environment; autoimmune HA, aortic valve replacement, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobin are RBC’s that are deficient in…

These usually protects it from…; causes ..; due to the…

Hormone is a …; that is secreted by an…; into the ..; delivered to…

Regulates functions such as…; maintains what environment…

CD55 & CD59

complement system; dark urine in the morning; hemolysis of RBC’s

peptide, steroid, amine; endocrine gland; bloodstream; target tissues

reproduction, growth & development, energy production & use; internal

Peptide hormone created from; travels; is ..; meaning it can’t..; interacts w/…

Examples include..

Steroid hormone derived…; travels..; is..; meaning