Honors US Final Study Guide

1940 Election

- FDR elected to a 3rd term

FDR Quote

"We must be the Great Arsenal of Democracy"

Lend-Lease Act

- The US president could provide weapons or supplies to nations whose defense was vital to the US

Atlantic Charter (August 1941)

- Goals of FDR & Churchill, if the US were to enter the war

Pearl Harbor

Dec 7, 1941

- US Navy base in Hawaii that was attacked by Japan

- 2,500 died and 2,000 injured

Japanese Internment

- US forced 130,00 Japanese citizens in prison camps

; because US feared an invasion of the West Coast

Battle of Midway

- First turning point for the US against Japan when they stopped their advance on Hawaii

Tuskegee Airmen

- First US African American military pilots

; Flew 15,00 missions in North Africa & Europe, and helped the allies defeat Germany

D-Day

June 6, 1944

- Allies invasion against German Forces in Normandy, France

; Led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower and ended Nazi Rule in France

Battle of the Bulge

- Allied victory over Germany on the boarders of France and Belgium

; Hitlers last offensive

General George Patton

- Led Battle of the Bulge

Atomic Bombs

Hiroshima: 10k died

Nagasaki: 40k died

Harry S. Truman: Background

Democrat 1945-1953

- Senator from Missouri, was a judge, and had a clothing business

Harry S. Truman: Personality

- No-nonsense

- Honest

- Stubborn

- Decisive

- Independent

Cold War

- Period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union without armed conflict that lasted 40 years

Containment

- US policy of trying to stop the spread of communism

Truman Doctrine

- US sent military and economic aid to nations that were trying to resist outside pressures

Marshall Plan

- US sent money and supplies to Allies in Western Europe to help rebuild from the war and protect from communism

How much was spent on the Marshall Plan?

- Spent 13 billion in 4 years

Korean War (1950-1953)

- After WW2 Korea was divided at the 38th Parallel

North Korea

- Communist, supported by the Soviet Union

South Korea

- Republic, supported by the US

June 1950

- North Korea crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded South Korea

United States & United Nations

- Sent troops to South Korea to contain communism

General Douglas MacArthur

- Leader of the United States & United Nations Forces

Checkers Speech

- Speech by Nixon that defended himself about using campaign money for personal reasons

Dwight Eisenhower: Background

- Military Career and War Hero

Dwight Eisenhower: Personality

- Optimistic

- Respected

- Patient

- Grandfatherly

Hidden-Hand Presidency

- Used to describe Eisenhower's presidency

Federal Highway Act

- Created interstate highway systems to improve transportation

Sputnik (Oct 4, 1957)

- First space satellite sent by SU; orbited the Earth and embarrassed the US

brown vs board of education (Kansas 1954)

- School Segregation Case; Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson

Montgomery Bus Boycott

- 50,000 people refused to ride the bus

- Lasted 381 days

- Supreme Court outlawed segregation in public transportation

Rosa Parks

- 4y y/o seamstress arrested for refusing to move her seat on a bus

MLK

- Minister from GA who led the Bus Boycott who was non-violent resistance

Little Rock Crisis (AK, 1957)

- 9 African American students enrolled at Central HS in a program to integrate

Election of 1960

- JFK defeated Nixon

JFK: Background

(D) 1961-1963

- Congressman and Senator from Mass and a wealthy political family

JFK: Personality

- Charismatic

- Energetic

- Confident

- Well Spoken

- Calm

24th Amendment

- Abolished poll tax to improve voting turnout for African Americans

Flexible Response

- the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

Bay of Pigs Invasion

- ClA trained anti-Castro Cubans to fight so they could overthrow Fidel Castro

Bay of Pigs Invasion: Result

1.) Castro was prepared so the Invasion failed

2.) JFK took the blame and gained respect

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

- SU had missiles in Cuba that were detected by the US; JFK ordered a navy blockade around Cuba

Warren Commission

Set up by LBJ and led by Earl Warren

- Spent 10 months investigating and found no conspiracy, concluded Oswald acted alone

Lyndon B. Johnson: Background

1963-1969- Veteran Congress Men, Senator from Texas, and VP

Lyndon B. Johnson: Personality

- Shrewd Politician

- Hard Working

- Aggressive

Civil Rights Act of 1964

- Ended segregation in public places and fought discrimination in the workplace

Job Corps

- Provided education opportunities to train unskilled workers

VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America)

- worked with people in poverty to help them

Medicare

- Low cost healthcare for people over 65

Medicaid

- Low cost healthcare for the disabled or those with low incomes

Headstart

- Early childhood education programs for those with low income

Voting Rights Act of 1965

- Abolished literacy test

USS Maddox

- A US ship that crossed the 17th parallel into the Gulf of Tonkin ; Fired at by North Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

- Gave the President the power to take all necessary steps to prevent aggression in Vietnam

Election of 1968; LBJ

(D) - Made a surprise announcement that he would not run for another term

Election of 1968; Hubert Humphrey

(D) - LBJ's VP and had a moderate stance on the war and was favored by his party

Election of 1968; Eugene McCarthy

(D) - Minnesota Senator who was anti-war and favored by the Hippies

Election of 1968; RFK

(D) - NY Senator, JFK's brother, had a plan for gradual peace

- Assassinated after winning the California Primary

Election of 1968; Richard Nixon

(R) - Retired from politics but returned and promised a "Secret Plan" for Vietnam

Nixon (1969-1974)

- Congressman, Senator for CA, VP

Nixon Personality

- intelligent

- resourceful

- complex

- paranoid

- obsessed with image

Nixon Problems

- Didn't get along with the press and had many political enemies

Silent Majority

- Working class people and non-protesters that Nixon reached out to, to help him reunite the country

Vietnamization

- The gradual removal of US troops from Vietnam and preparing the South to take over the fighting

March on Washington

Aug. 1963- Peaceful protest led by MLK and other Civil Rights leaders for rights and jobs

How many people joined the March on Washington?

- 250,000, and it led to Civil Rights Act on 1964

Stokely Carmichael

- Civil rights activist known for 'Black Power' movement

Malcolm X

- Leader of the Nation of Islam who believed in Black Nationalism and stressed self defense

Black Panthers

- Militant Civil Rights group that protested racial injustice and war; fought for political power

Thurgood Marshall

- Appointed 1st African American on the Supreme Court

Tet Offensive

Jan. 1968

- NV and Vietcong made a surprise attack on US bases and cities in SV

What was one result of the Tet Offensive?

- US and SV fought off the attack

Tet Offensive caused...

- major protests because people felt the war would never end

Invasion of Cambodia

1970.

- Nixon ordered an invasion of Neutral Cambodia because it was used for NV bases

War Powers Act

- Passed by Congress to limit the Presidents power during war; Military can't be in action more than 60 days w/out approval

Vietnam War, January 1973

- US and NV agreed a cease fire

January 1973 (Cease Fire Results)

1. War Powers Act2. 26th Amendment3. Nixon ended the Draft4. NV defeated SV and US didn't achieve its goal

Watergate: CRP/CREEP

Committee to Re-Elect the President; organized a break in of the Democratic HQ

Watergate: Nixon

- Didn't know about the break in, but ordered a cover up

Impeachment Hearings

- Began and led to charges against Nixon

Charges Against Nixon

1. Obstruction of Justice

2. Abuse of Power

3. Contempt of Congress

Watergate: Results

August 1974 - Nixon resigned

Gerald R. Ford - VP, became President