Pysch quiz Learning and memory

Memory

The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory that influences behavior without conscious awareness. It includes skills, habits, and conditioned responses.

Reconsolidation

The process of previously consolidated memories being recalled and then actively consolidated again, often with the possibility of modification.

Fixation

In psychology, it refers to an obsessive attachment or preoccupation with a particular object, person, or thought.

Recall

The retrieval of information or events from the past.

Hippocampus

A region in the brain associated with the formation of new memories and spatial navigation.

Cognition

The mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing, and using information.

Heuristic

Mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies decision-making and problem-solving.

Encoding

The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Episodic Memory

Memory for specific events or experiences, often including details about the time and place.

Working Memory

A system for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for cognitive tasks.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to interpret and remember information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

Serial Position Effect

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a sequence more effectively than the middle items.

Long-Term Potentiation

A persistent increase in synaptic strength that results from repeated stimulation, often considered a neural basis for learning and memory.

Retrograde Amnesia

The loss of memory for events that occurred before a traumatic injury or other significant event.

Proactive Interference

When previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information.

Chomsky – language inborn

Noam Chomsky's theory that the ability to acquire language is innate to humans, and there is a universal grammar underlying all languages.

Loftus – eyewitness testimony/misinformation effect

Elizabeth Loftus's research on the fallibility of eyewitness testimony, particularly how it can be influenced by leading questions or misinformation.

Broca

Paul Broca, a French physician, associated with the discovery of Broca's area in the brain, linked to language production.

Wernicke

Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, associated with Wernicke's area in the brain, linked to language comprehension.

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish words from each other. For example, the words "pat" and "bat" differ only in the initial phoneme (/p/ vs. /b/).

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language. Morphemes can be words or parts of words (such as prefixes or suffixes) that carry meaning. For example, "unhappiness" consists of three morphemes:"un-" (a prefix meaning "not"), "happy" (a root word), and "-ness" (a suffix indicating a state or condition).

Babbling

The stage in language development when infants produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations. Babbling is considered a precursor to actual language and helps infants practice the sounds of their native language.

Language Development

The process by which individuals acquire the ability to understand and use language. It typically involves the progression from babbling to the development of vocabulary, grammar, and communication skills.

Grammar

The set of rules that govern the structure and use of a language. Grammar includes syntax (sentence structure), morphology (word structure), and semantics (meaning). It provides the framework for organizing and communicating ideas effectively within a particular language.