Pysch quiz Learning and memory
Memory: The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences.
Implicit Memory: Unconscious memory that influences behavior without conscious awareness. It includes skills, habits, and conditioned responses.
Reconsolidation: The process of previously consolidated memories being recalled and then actively consolidated again, often with the possibility of modification.
Fixation: In psychology, it refers to an obsessive attachment or preoccupation with a particular object, person, or thought.
Recall: The retrieval of information or events from the past.
Hippocampus: A region in the brain associated with the formation of new memories and spatial navigation.
Cognition: The mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing, and using information.
Heuristic: Mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies decision-making and problem-solving.
Encoding: The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.
Episodic Memory: Memory for specific events or experiences, often including details about the time and place.
Working Memory: A system for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for cognitive tasks.
Confirmation Bias: The tendency to interpret and remember information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.
Serial Position Effect: The tendency to remember the first and last items in a sequence more effectively than the middle items.
Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic strength that results from repeated stimulation, often considered a neural basis for learning and memory.
Retrograde Amnesia: The loss of memory for events that occurred before a traumatic injury or other significant event.
Proactive Interference: When previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information.
Chomsky – language inborn: Noam Chomsky's theory that the ability to acquire language is innate to humans, and there is a universal grammar underlying all languages.
Loftus – eyewitness testimony/misinformation effect: Elizabeth Loftus's research on the fallibility of eyewitness testimony, particularly how it can be influenced by leading questions or misinformation.
Broca: Paul Broca, a French physician, associated with the discovery of Broca's area in the brain, linked to language production.
Wernicke: Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, associated with Wernicke's area in the brain, linked to language comprehension.
Phonemes: The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish words from each other. For example, the words "pat" and "bat" differ only in the initial phoneme (/p/ vs. /b/).
Morphemes: The smallest units of meaning in a language. Morphemes can be words or parts of words (such as prefixes or suffixes) that carry meaning. For example, "unhappiness" consists of three morphemes: "un-" (a prefix meaning "not"), "happy" (a root word), and "-ness" (a suffix indicating a state or condition).
Babbling: The stage in language development when infants produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations. Babbling is considered a precursor to actual language and helps infants practice the sounds of their native language.
Language Development: The process by which individuals acquire the ability to understand and use language. It typically involves the progression from babbling to the development of vocabulary, grammar, and communication skills.
Grammar: The set of rules that govern the structure and use of a language. Grammar includes syntax (sentence structure), morphology (word structure), and semantics (meaning). It provides the framework for organizing and communicating ideas effectively within a particular language.