Muscular System

P.e

Functions of the muscular system

Provides support to enable:

good posture

initiate movement

maintain essential bodily functions

perform voluntary movements

What two actions are muscles capable of doing

Contraction and relaxation

Tendons connect what parts of the body together

Muscle is joined to bone

Describe tendons

Very strong and rigid

Allow free movement of joints

Example of tendon

Achilles tendon

joins heel bone (calcaneus) and calf muscle (gastrocnemius)

What are voluntary muscles

Muscles which you have to control

what are involuntary muscles

muscles which work automatically

What are skeletal muscle

striped in appearance
work on voluntary basis

can contract (shorten) or relax (lengthen) to allow for movement

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the digestive system and within the walls of other organs: bladder, diaphragm

Cardiac muscle

muscle of the heart

involuntary, stripped appearance

Anatomy of a skeletal muscle

has a belly- which is the bulk of the muscle consisting of long fibres (cells)

that are connected to bones at either end by tendon

List the different muscle shapes

Circular, Convergent, parallel (fusiform), Pennate

what are circular muscles

fascicular pattern is circular with the fibres arranged in concentric circles

what are convergent muscles

the fascicles converge towards a single tendon of insertion. Often triangular or fan shaped

what are parralle muscles also called.

fusiform

What are parallel muscles

THe length of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
can be straplike or spindle shaped (fusiform)

what are pennate muscles

the fibres are short and attached to the length of the muscles

List the 3 types of pennate muscles

Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

What are unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

unipennate: insert into only one side of the tendon
bipennate: insert into the tendon from opposite sides so muscles resembles a feather

multipennate: resembles many feathers side by side which all insert one large tendon

explain reciprocal inhibition

when muscles on side of a joint relax in order to allow muscles on the opposite side to contract

what is an agonist

the muscles that contracts in reciprocal inhibition

what is an antagonist

a muscle that relaxes on the opposite side of the agonist.

2 examples of reciprocal inhibition

the tricep and bicep
quadriceps and hamstrings.

what is the point of origin?

where the skeletal muscle attaches to the relatively stationary end of the bone

what is the point of insertion

muscle attaches to the relatively mobile end of the bone

list the three types of muscle contractions

Isotonic concentric
Isotonic eccentric

Isometric

what is isotonic concentric contractions and an example

muscle shortens as it contracts

flexion of the elbow

what is isotonic eccentric contractions and an example

muscle lengthens when pressure is put on it
lowering yourself down a climbing rope

what is isometric contractions and an example

muscles does not change length or shape during contraction/while under tension

attempting to lift an immovable object

what determines the percentage of muscle fibres in an persons muscles

determined by genetics and varies between individuals

list the two types of muscle

slow twitch (type-I)
fast twitch (type II)

what are type 1 muscle fibres

-slow twitch

-use oxygen to create fuel more effectively

-best for continuous extended muscle contractions

-less susceptible to fatigue than fast twitch

what are type II muscle fibres

-fast twitch
-use anaerobic metabolism to create fuel

-better for producing short bursts of strength and speed

-fatigue quickly

what athletes benefit from fast twitch (type II) muscles fibres

power and speed lifters
sprinters and weightlifters

who are slow twitch (type 1) muscle fibres used for.

marathon runners, endurance riders

list 3 types of body types

ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph

what body type is tall and thin

ectomorph

what characteristics do mesomorph bodies have

muscular bodies

what characteristics do endomorph bodies have

short, well - rounded bodies with a tendency to carry weight.

what are two environmental factors affect our bodies

diet and exercise.

list the directional terms

Superior

Inferior

Anterior (or ventral)

Posterior (or dorsal)
Medial
Lateral

Superficial (external)
Deep (internal)
Proximal
Distal

superior

top or towards the top

Inferior

Bottom or towards the bottom

Anterior (or ventral)

front or toward the front

Medial

towards the middle

Lateral

towards the side

Superficial (external)

towards the surface

Deep (internal)

away from the surface

Proximal

towards the trunk

Distal

Away from the trunk

flexion

decrease angle between segments

extension

increase angle between segments

abduction

lateral movement of body part away from midline

adduction

movement towards the midline

Rotation

turning along segment long axis

Supination

movement so palm faces upward and forward (bowl of soup)

Pronation

movement so palm faces upward and forward

Protraction

forward movement of a body part

Retraction

backward movement of a body part

Elevation

body part lifted upwards

Depression

lowering of body parts

Inversion

sole of foot turned medially

Eversion

sole of foot turned laterally

Plantar flexion

ankle extension

Dorsiflexion

ankle flexion

list of movement terms

flexion
extension

abduction

adductiobn

rotation

supination

pronation

protraction

retraction

elevation

depression

inversion

eversion

plantar flexion

dorsi flexion