ENGL1003 - Midterm Review #2

Pastoral

A form of a poem that expresses a nostalgic image of peace/simplicity in life. Often depicted in a natural setting. Sets away from urban life and critiques capitalism and consumerism.

Otium

Leisure, retirement, or contemplation. Holds intellectual, virtuous, or immoral implication. Puts aside career growth and focuses on personal growth.

_Negotium

Business, professional activity and related topics in economic and political senses. A contrast from personal growth, focuses on pursement and ambition in social

Shepherds and the neglect of labour. Holds an idealized world separate from urban society and holds critique about moral issues towards the society.

What does the pastoral usually have?

Eclogue

Synchronous to a certain kind of written form; atic poem in which idealizes rural life.

The ability to guide lawless youth and help them act virtuously. The reward is the capacity to help others learn and ‘teach, delight, and move' them through the right words.

What does writing about poetry provide the poet with?

The Shepheard's Calender

A series of pastoral works made by Edmund Spenser. One work in particular has two shephards discussing about the concerns of poetry and why one should write poetry if it holds no nourishment or reward.

One's poetic capacity. It serves as an apprenticeship for writers starting in their careers.

What are pastorals and eclogues testing novice writers for?

States that poetry holds no reward or nourishment, and argues why one should write poetry if it holds no purpose in self gratification in worth or value through writing.

What does Cuddy argue in the pastoral written by Edmund Spenser?

States that the praise is better than the price; it is for counsel and morals- and to help the ‘lawless youth'- hence the praise and blame.

What does Piers argue in the pastoral work made by Edmund Spenser?

Georgic

A type of poem and/or book that often revolves around agricultural or rural settings. Glorifies outside labour and country life. Depicts instructions related to a skill and/or art.

The pastoral demonstrates critique towards the urban society and pushes away labour to provide an idealized world of love, politics and leisure. Georgic depicts business and work, where it uses didatic instruction.

What's the difference between pastorals and georgic pieces?

That it is a necessary regard of harmonious simplicity and leisure.

What does the pastoral say about nature?

That it is a necessary regard of work and labour.

What does the georgic say about nature?

A therapeutic, developmental purpose. Often viewed in a humanist lens where one can envision people improving themselves based on literature.

What can literature be the process of?

In imaginary spaces. Examples include television, music,

What form can eloquence and wisdom take?

What does Sidney's defense argue in terms of poetry?

It surpasses philosophy and history, as it not only teaches and delights, but moves others to feel and act.

What is the defining act of poetry?

Moving to feel and act through persuasion.

Francis Bacon

A naturalist, classicist, historian, and utopian fantasist. Considered the most important thinker, and proposed reformation of arts and sciences from antiquity in a humanist view. Dedicated themselves development of the scientific method.

What did Bacon believe with knowledge?

Should transform conditions of human life; use it as an instrument to change and progress. Represents the work yet to be done.

Learning Enterprise

The collective and continous enterprise of exposing oneself to a new concept. Transforms institutions and human life. Connects with the collaboration of biases rather than a singular bias.

Inductive Reasoning

A bottom-up approach. Takes specifics to the general. For example, facts, experiences and observations.

Deductive Reasoning

Essay

Trial or attempt. Relates to the unfinished nature of human beings. Garnered popularity as a major form; has relationship with style, rhetoric, and eloquence.

Bacon's “Essays”

Counsels, civil, and moral. Concerns with public nature of morality between citizens and private moral values.

Of Truth

Establishes difficulty with humans telling the truth. Claims that people have a natural corrupt love of the lie itself- whether it'd be for pleasures, advantage, etc.

Why do we lie?

To protect ourselves from the negative consequences of the truth. Sometimes, reality can't live up to truthful acknowledgement- and so done to maintain pleasure and avoid displeasure. Ignorance is bliss.

What does “Of Truth” argue?

The nature of essays themselves.

Of Studies

Suggests medicinal and therapeutic values to studying and reading/studying changes us and makes us learn. Suggests also thhat it relates to discourse, declaration and debating.

Of Love

The argument of passion and love. States that you can't be both wise and in love, and that it is a weakness. Excess of it defies nature, and holds hyperbole in its language. Believes excessive passion is damaging.

According to Bacon, what does the economy of love lose?

Riches, success, wisdom, and itself. Because its exaggeration in language asserts falsehoods to arrive at truths to delude someone.

What does the pastoral set apart in terms of space?

Urban life. Critiques captialism, consumerism, and what applies to the urban world.

Why is the ‘otium' necessary for pastoral poetry?

Necessary condition for shepherd poets and ideals that final realisation being transformative to the world in a less deceitful place.

Orpheus

A figure in Greek Mythology that holds power in song. Connected in death with another figure. Silenced by screaming maenads via drowning out song and murdered them.

Philomel

A figure in Greek mythology, that is connected with another figure. Loses their ability to speak and is turned into an nightingale to avoid being killed by their rapist. Sings over the figure's grave when they die to celebrate them and the power of poetry.

What can literature be used for?

Self expression, therapeutic and developmental purposes.

What can pastoral hold in an idealized world?

Praise and blame, love, politics, and poetry.

What is the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice?

A lyrist who fell in love with a nymph. The nymph died, and so the poet travelled to the underworld to permit them to take the nymph home. Lamented through mourning song, but was jumped by maenads. Song was powerful enough to interfere with the attack, but was drowned out and killed them.

What does the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice present?

Poets without audiences are powerless. Questions what poetry is without an audience, and demonstrates how the most powerful poets can hold no power if no one is present to see or hear.

What does the Orpheus and Eurydice myth interrogate?

The power of poetry, and what the true reward is.

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

A pastoral text where it envisions a world of harmony and pleasure. States that communal harmony is only available as a spectacle, and that pleasure is conditional through a sense of exoticism.

The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd

A pastoral text that responds to Marlowe- from the previous text. Argues that time is still present in ideal spaces. Counters poetry and argues that even with the ideal world they presented to them, time will test it.

What does Marlowe and Ralegh argue?

One harmony and pleasure through social and natural. They focus on pleasure, and show evidence in delight. The other presents a lack of persuasion and states that despite the pleasure, there will always be time, and time follows in death.

What roles do Marlowe and Ralegh hold?

Shepherds, arguing about poetry through companion poems.

Why is retreating to the garden a type of discourse?

Allows retreat to a leisurely space free from business and affairs, allows us to praise and blame between the two different worlds.

Gardens

A symbol of human labour and influence expressed in nature, how they order the natural world. For socialization and retreating for contemplation out of social life.

Metaphysical Poetry

Coined by Samuel Johnson. Described loose groups of 17th century poets characterized with conceits and emphasis on spoken verses rather than lyrical quality.

Andrew Marvell

A metaphysical poet who was considered friends with John Milton. Driven by paradox and complexity and uses intense, extended metaphors at length. Wrote ‘The Garden'.

Conceit

Extended metaphors.

The Garden

Written by Andrew Marvell. Considered one of the most important, difficult poems in the English language. Rejects modern society and states that retreating from labour to the garden connects with romantic love. Uses language to reveal the “nature of nature".

What does the term “nature of nature" mean?

The power of language being able to open things and names through devoting it towards language. States that nature is above carnal desire, and suggests to see whats visible and not.

What does retreating to garden mean, according to ‘The Garden'?

Emphasize spritual nature and connect with divinity by lowering carnal temperature. Garden allows the mind to create and reflect.

What does the human world entering the garden teach us in ‘The Garden'?

Even in paradise, humans are temporary. Just like flowers and herbs. Where there is the passage of time, there is death. And where there is death, there is a temporary state of mind.

What does the line “green thought in a green shade" mean?

Argued that it refers to a measurement of time in gardens, within the mind being withdrawed into happiness.

How is the mind compared to an ocean in ‘The Garden’?

Oceans mirror and represents the unrestrained limits of nature, and the mind transcends from reflection and creation in the garden. Uses ecstasy to present meditation and the rise of happiness away from the body.

How is the garden compromised?

When time enters. Once it enters, it brings death, to which both are inescapable.

What does the Garden mean when it states “it was beyond a mortal's share to wander solitary there: two paradises ‘twere in one to live in paradise alone"?

Acknowledges mortallity of men and states that wandering holds its own paradise, being in company with nature- aka, the garden. Advocates for living and holds a state of unsexual bliss to pleasure.

What does the garden measure?

Time. Reminds the speaker that time and death still exists, no matter what kind of paradise one is living in.

Sonnet

Blazon

A convention of Petrachan poetry. Used to describe verses that detailed physical attributes. A conceit that conveys ideal beauty. Sonneteers and lyric poets used this frequently to emphasize parts of a woman's body.

Petrachan Conceit

A convention of Petrachan poetry. Figure of speech that established striking parallels. Used in love pomns that consists of exaggerated compared to a disdainful mistress.

Metaphysical Conceit

A characteristic figure that is slightly different from the petrarchan version. Found in works of John Donne.

Platonic Love

A convention of Petrachan poetry. Used to express how love evoked in beauty can resemble a mount to find beauty in the body, mind, and the contemplation of the idea, form, and ‘beauty absolute'.

Dissidio

A convention of Petrachan poetry. Conflict of interests or opinions. Controversy, disagreement, and dissent. Considered as internal psychological conflict and tension. Follows structure to build it up, then to release or deepen problems in writing pieces.

How is literature like a game?

Holds conventions and restraints. Without rules, it no longer becomes rewarding. It rewards the guidance of people's will through teaching, delighting, and moving.

What does the pastoral argue with conventions?

Just as they appear, they are interrogated, tested, and changed. Example being Marlow and Raleigh's duel with the limitations of conventions (passion and utopia versus time and death).

Francesco Petrarch

The father of humanism and Italian Renaissance. Defined love sonnets, considered the most influential love poet of all time. Imitated across European times and created a model. Well known for a sonnet sequence regarding love for a woman named Laura, framing erotic experience in self-division.

What are the four main conventions according to Petrachan's poems to Laura?

Blazon, dissidio, platonic love, and inner turmoil.

What does platonic philosophy suggest?

Dualism between the mutable and immortal realm. That we live in the shadows or a mutable, mortal world with change. The immortal world is filled with perfect ideas and ideal images.

What is love, if not mortal or immortal in its ideal form?

It is a spirit that concieves the idea for what people can understand about it in the mortal realm. It appears in poetry, specifically of Petrachan's ‘Laura'. Not a beauty only, but a learning opportunity to understand beauty.

What is the platonic love notion of Laura?

Her physical beauty in the mutable world is an indication of her virtue.

What happens when we finally learn virtue through beauty?

We can be introduced to a gateway of other forms, such as truth, justice, and manifestations of virtues within beauty. Allows to reason that beautiful bodies make beautiful minds.

How does beauty connect with teaching, delighting and moving?

A poem being like a beauty symbol, where weak, lustful men encounter true beauty in the right attributes they seek, and be changed/moved to act virtuously.

The Tortured Lover Archetype

The focus on inner turmoil. Animates the struggle of the speaker, and ultimately leads to self-imposed solitude from rejection. Unrequited; poem centres around the torture of the reader, rather than the love itself.

“The eyes, the face, the limbs of heavenly mould..” is an example of?

Blazon

“The cripsed locks of pure and lucid gold, the lighting of the angelic smile, whose ray (…)” is an example of?

Blazon

“To earth could all of paradise convey, a little dust are now!-to feeling cold!” is an example of what?

Platonic Love

“Loss is the theme on which my fancy fed, and turn'd to mourning my once tuneful lyre.” is an example of what?

Dissidio

Lyric

A short poem that expresses a state of mind or perception, thought and feeling. Usually the first person, but doesn't necessarily represent the writer.

Devotional

A type of lyric poetry. The petition to God as a worshipper to sing His praises. Includes religious verses such as hymns.

Amorous and Love

A type of lyric poetry. The petition of the beloved via the lover. Usually a man to a woman.

Petitonary

A type of lyric poetry. The petition of the monarch via the courtier to gain favour and/or money. Writing of reward.

Courtly Love

Manifests as a doctrine of love. Governs relations between aristocratic lovers. Represented in lyric poems and chivalric romances.

Courtier

A person who attends the royal court. Not all were noble. Considered an advisory body with critics to monarchical policy.

How is love akin to military and martial?

Connecting to marriage and war, communication in certain sonnets (such as Sonnet 140 from Rime) can share how love retreats and how, like a battle, internalized decisions externalize on the “battlefield of love".

What does love have in terms of attention?

The speaker, rather than the beloved.

Shakespeare's Sonnets

Interrogates the Petrarchan tradition, such as the use of blazon conventions and evacuating meaning of sonnets.

What is a central constituent in Petrarchanism?

Desire

What does Shakespeare mock?

The conventions of hyperboles in courtly sonnets through blazons. Prime example being of Sonnet 130.

John Donne

A prominent figure that was considered the best prose writer in English. Wrote in the ways which sickness were manifestations, and that affliction is a treasure.

Donne's “Holy Sonnets”

Centres around the struggle with theology. Wrestles with the question of how much labour and agency one has in their own salvation, and explores with sonnets in devotional work.

What does lyric poetry focus on?

Both private and public mortality, which connects with the rhetoric of epideictic. Also formal structure and self-referentialism.

Paradox

A central device in metaphysical poetry that is used to make statements contradictory, yet in a way that make senses. If conjoined with two terms, that would be an oxymoron.

Ecstasy

The subject experience of total involvement of the subject, with an object of awareness. Refers to removal of the mind or body; spiritual, religious, and is where the soul leaves the body.

Lady Mary Roth

A prominent figure that wrote the first piece of prose fiction. Niece of Sidney; applies a woman to a traditional role of men and breaks the rule with the beloved being silent.

Pamphilia to Amphilanbus

A series of sonnets written by Roth, which depict movements from chaotic passion to the freedom of choosing oneself. Pushes boundaries of Petrarchan love poetry. Conflicts between reason and passion.

The Ecstasy

Written by John Donne. Written about the state of consciousness characterized by awareness or lack of it. Provides paradoxes, conceits, and stretches metaphors as far as they can go.

What does Donne's ‘The Ecstasy’ present between souls and love's language?

Demonstrates the relationship between physical and spiritual love- where ecstasy takes their souls and unify them.

What do we understand in the soul in ‘The Ecstasy’?

Love not only involves the physical embodiment, but the spiritual capacity. That is love's language.

What metaphor emphasizes the combination of souls in ‘The Ecstasy’?

You cannot grow a violet on its own or it'll die. It needs cross pollination with other violets to live.