Exercise Physiology Lab Midterm - Mississippi College

3 forms of consent

informed consent, physical activity readiness questionnaire for everyone (PAR-Q+), health history questionnaire

informed consent

process in which subjects are informed of the purposes, methods, risks, and benefits of a study or test, signed so it is acknowledged

PAR-Q+

a series questions widely recognized to be safe for prescreening before low- to moderate-intensity exercise; seven yes-or-no questions that are generally easy to understand or answer, and 10 follow-up questions if "yes" is answered for any of the first seven questions

health history questionnaire

a comprehensive series of questions to establish a subject's medical risk

Disease Risk Stratification

age, family history, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose, obesity, physical inactivity

low risk

Asymptomatic with ≤ 1 rf

moderate risk

Asymptomatic ≥ 2 rf

high risk

known CV, pulmonary, or metabolic disease with one or morn sign or symptom

flexibility

the range of motion in a joint or related series of joints or as the ability to move a muscle or group of muscles through a range of motion

flexibility can be affected by

structure of joint, age and sex, elasticity and plasticity of CT, and activity level

elasticity

ability to stretch and return tissue to the original tension

plasticity

ability to stretch and change tension/length of tissue

hamstring flexibility

3 hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus), gluteal muscles (gluteis maximus), and lower back muscles (erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, and iliocostalis)

direct and indirect methods of assessing flexibility

direct: goniometer
indirect: using field/lab tests (sit and reach, back scratch, shoulder elevation)

why is back scratch test important

rounded shoulder posture due to sitting at desk, on laptops, phones etc.

both tests (back scratch and shoulder elevation) are assessing flexibility of what muscles

the muscles of the rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) and surrounding upper back muscles (trapezius, rhomboids)

cardiac cycle

mechanical and electrical events occurring during one heartbeat; includes both systole and diastole

systole

phase of cardiac cycle during ventricular contraction; top number in the BP reading

diastole

phase of cardiac cycle during ventricular relaxation; bottom number in BP reading

blood pressure

pressure in the arterial peripheral circulation during the cardiac cycle

cardiac output (Q/CO)

amount of blood produced by the heart every minute; the product of Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

heart rate

number of heart beats per minute (normal is 60)

stroke volume

amount of blood pressure per heartbeat

as stroke volume increases

heart rate decreases (only in someone with lots of aerobic exercise)

ideal blood pressure

120/80

high blood pressure

120-129, <80

stage one hypertension

130-139, <80

stage two hypertension

greater than or equal to 140, greater than or equal to 90

how does body position affect BP?

the situation in which you are lying down (supine) and quickly get up to a standing position and you immediately get light-headed is called orthostatic hypotension; it is due to venous return reduction due to gravity - heart is working less when supine because it does not have to work against gravity Some individuals can experience this intensely and faint, also called vasovagal syncope

dehydration can lead to low _____ and ________

blood volume and pressure

muscle actions

isometric muscle contractions - the muscle contracts but the length stays the same. (wall squats)

stress

causes blood pressure to rise

white coat syndrome

elevated blood pressure in a clinical setting

diet

caffeine is a huge influencer on BP

disease

affects BP

VO2

volume of oxygen consumed per minute

VCO2

volume of CO2 produced per minute

aerobic metabolism

production of ATP in the presence of oxygen; oxidative phosphorylation

anaerobic respiration

production of ATP without oxygen; glycolysis and phosphocreatine system

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

the energy currency for muscle contractions

bioenergentics

stored energy converted to usable ATP

Respiratory Exchange Ratio =

VCO2/VO2

RER of 0.70 =

100% fat

RER of 1.00 =

100% carb

RER value indicates

what fuel is being primarily used for energy metabolism

RER of 0.82 =

protein metabolism (5% of total energy)

`1 MET =

3.5 ml/kg/min

Basal Metabolic Rate

the minimum level of energy required to sustain the body's vital functions in the waking state

3 typed of energy expenditure

RMR, thermic effect of food, and physical activity

resting metabolic rate

energy expenditure in a fasting well rested state

Phosphocreatine system (PCr)

igh-energy phosphate delivered to ADP to make ATP...stored locally in the muscles; only lasts about 10 seconds

anaerobic glycolysis

metabolic pathway that doesn't require O2 and provides energy quickly, produces lactate (lactic acid); lasts 2-3 minutes

oxygen deficit

lag in oxygen consumption from rest to exercise

steady state

the point where aerobic metabolism contributes to 100% of the energy requirement at a given absolute intensity

oxidative phosphorylation

production of ATP using O2 as the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain

steady state

Oxygen Debt (EPOC)

The volume of oxygen consumed above the resting value during recover

factors for oxygen debt

exercise intensity (harder-larger), body temp (higher - larger), muscle inflammation (repairing muscles= moreO2), hormone levels (hormones respond to ex intensity)

BMI

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

cardiac output

heart rate x stroke volume (Q.)

BP ________ with exercise

rises

what kind of exercise is a wall sit

isometric

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

_____ shoots up during exercise then levels out

systolic

3 environmental factors

temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure