WA2 slop

What is probability sampling?

Samples are randomly selected without the researcher’s conscious decision. This removes bias that may come from the choices made by the researcher and has a greater chance of creating a representative sample.

When is probability sampling used?

Used to select a more representative sample.

What is non-probability sampling?

Samples are non-randomly selected, often using the researcher’s conscious mind.

When is non-probability sampling used?

• It is unnecessary or impractical to select a representative sample such as when conducting interviews, testing out the design of the questionnaire or when conducting a exploratory research.

• Sampling needs to be conducted quickly

What are the different questionnaire types?

1. Predefined answer

2. Using rating scales (likert scale, frequency scale)

What is environmental stewardship?

The actions taken by individuals or groups to protect, care or responsibly use the environment to pursue environmental and/or outcomes.

How can environmental stewardship be achieved?

• Promoting volunteerism among neighbourhood residents to share knowledge with others about the importance of healthy ecosystems. This helps residents become more aware of what they can and should do to responsibly use and protect the natural environment.

• Partnership involving public and private sectors contributes to environmental efforts. Different stakeholders may have different perspectives, resources and expertise to enhance the environmental stewardship efforts.

Evaluate the effectiveness of recycling bins

Effective:

1. They encourage convenient recycling behaviour

2. Raise public awareness about waste management. Clearly labelled recycling bin remind users of importance of recycling end educate them on proper waste separation

3. Reduce landfill waste.

Ineffective:

3. Contamination of recyclables. Some individuals may place incorrect items which can make entire batched unsuitable for recycling

4. Lack of public understanding or motivation. Some individuals may not know how to use the bins correctly or may not bother to separate waste, reducing effectiveness.

What are the factors that can affect the size of sphere of influence?

1. Range of services and shops offered

2. Accessibility and presence of infrastructure

3. Personal preference to support the service, event or object

Think visually and spatially

• In order to collect data using mental maps, the students could provide the

visitors with blank papers and ask them to draw features of the park that

can recall / remember / have special attachment to in a map form.

• The students can also provide the visitors with a base map such as that

of Fig. 3.2 and ask them to add details by labelling or annotating their

perception of the different places in the park.

• The students can use the drawn maps as discussion points or conduct

semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions to

investigate more about the visitors’ perceptions of the places

How can students sample in Fort Canning Park

To test the hypothesis, a stratified random sampling method can be used at Fort Canning Park. Visitors are first grouped into categories based on how long they have stayed. Then, a random sample of people is selected from each group to ensure all categories are fairly represented. A questionnaire is conducted where respondents rate their level of enjoyment. The results are then compared to see if visitors who stay longer report higher enjoyment, which will help determine whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected.

What are some question examples?

Question1 : How often do you visit Fort Canning Park in a week?

Option: Not at all, 1-2 times, 3-5 times, 6-7 times

Question 2: How much do you enjoy your visit at Fort Caning park?

Options: Not enjoyable at all, slightly enjoyable, moderately enjoyable, very enjoyable, extremely enjoyable

Question 3: What activities do you do here (You may choose more than one)

Options: Walking/jogging, sightseeing, visit historical sites, relaxing, others:

What are some risks in the fieldwork?

Minor injuries (proper footwear and clothing)

Collisions with cyclist (avoid collecting data in the path of cyclists)

How can neighbourhoods be sustained environmentally?

1. Ample protection for nature

2. having facilities that support waste minimisation and recycling

3. energy and water-efficient desgin approach for buildings and landscapes