Biology Notes

Plasma membrane

________ is often known as the lipid bilayer because it is made up of lipids.

Golgi Complex

________; Is the shipping part of the cell.

Vacuole

________; Is the largest organelles in a plant, it stores water, food, & waste for them.

Telomeres

________ are present at the edge of chromosomes which have satellite DNA.

Ribosome

________: Helps in the systehensize of proteins and its where proteins are made.

Centromeres

________ attach to the spindle fiber released by the centrosomes (located near the nucleus) during cell division which is a major part of the Telophase process.

Transcription

________ is when DNA turns into RNA, and translation is when RNA turns into Proteins When DNA makes a copy of itself, its known as replication.

Kinetochores

________ attach to the spindle fibers which help align all the chromosomes in the middle in order for the cell to divide.

cell membrane

The ________ is made up of lipoprotein which is what the lipid bilayer is made of.

Hometstatis

________: the ability to sustain a constant condition at a particular time in the cell.

Stomata

________ helps in the exchange of gases in the plant.

phosphate group

The ________ and the pentose sugar link with each other to form a phosphodiester Bond, which is strong.

Pyrimidine

________ also consists of two parts which include Cytosine and Thymine.

TeloPhase

In the ________, the chromosomes cluster at the opposite pole and the nuclear envelope will enclose the chromosome cluster.

Cytosine

________ and guanine will always bond with each other using a triple hydrogen bond.

Adenine

________ and Thymine will always bond with each other using a double hydrogen bond.

Meiosis

________: a type of cell division also considered as reductional division which means the number of chromosomes in parent cells reduced by half and produce four gametes (the reproductive cells of males and female.

Pentose Sugars

________, and the phosphate group are the backbone of the DNA.

Cells

________ produce DNA which produces RNA and RNA turns into proteins.

Mendelin Genetics

________: all living organisms reproduce.

Cytoplasm

________: Is the jelly- like substance in the cell.

Mendel

________ (1822- 1884) was born in to the family of a poor peasant in Moravia, Austria.

Clorplasts

________: Consist of pigments such as chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Cratitonoids, Xanthophyll which entraps the sunlight and helps in the photosynthesis process.

Carrier

________ Proteins: This protein facilitates the movement of particles (any molecule that wants to come in and out the cell)

Platid

________: Present in only plants; plastids store food for the plant.

heme groups

The ________ cause the cells to be red which also results in the blood to be red when oxygenated.

Gametes

________: the parts of male and female used to fertelize.

Mechanical

________: involved with touch and hearing.

Nucleus

________: Contains the genetic material of the cell and.

Purine

________ is further of two types which includes adenine and guanine.

Amoeba

________ makes fase feet to move and capture its prey.

ATP

Cells need ________ (AdenosineTriPhosphate) in order to survive.

Chemical

________: involved with smell and taste.

Pinocytosis

In Endocytosis, the cell brings in materials to the cell, Phagocytosis, the cell breaks in solids, ________, the cell brings in non specific fluids, Receptor Meditats, the cell brings in specific particles, and Exocytosis, the releasing of materials from the cell.

Phosphate

________ is the polar reason of the membrane, (hydrophilic; water loving) The lipid is the nonpolar reason of the membrane (hydrophobic; water repelling)

Robert hooke

________ discovered the cell in 1665.

GlycoLipids

________: These are also a type of cell identity marker.

organic compounds

They both are ________ made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Osmosis

________: a process in which molecules of solvents pass through the semi- permeable cell membrane from less concentrated solution to more concentrated solution.

Pseudopodia

________: an organism that changes shape to make false feet.

Proteins

________ are present in all living organisms.

Electromagentic

________: involved with sight.

Geroge Mandel

________ is known to be the father of genetics.

Karyokinesis

________: The nucleus membrane divides into 2 nucleases.

Chromosomes

________: thread like structures (almost like a butterfly) located inside the nucleus of plant and animal cells.

C6H12O6

The formula of glucose is ________.

DNA

________ is located in the chromatids.

MultiCellular

________: Organisms that are made up of more than one type of cell.

Unicellular

________: Organisms that are made up of only one type of cell.

cytolysis

In ________ there is a chance that the cell might burst from all the extra water, and plasmolysis is when the size of the cell shrinks down.

Organelles

Structures that enable the cell to live, grow, and reproduce

Ribosome

Helps in the systehensize of proteins and its where proteins are made

Lysosome

Removes waste from the cell

Platid

Present in only plants; plastids store food for the plant

Cell Wall

Gives the shape of a cell, protects it from natural disasters, prevents animals from eating the plant, and protects all the organelles inside

Clorplasts

Consist of pigments such as chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Cratitonoids, Xanthophyll which entraps the sunlight and helps in the photosynthesis process

Membrane

Consists of a nonpolar tail and polar head

Endoplasmic reticulum

it provides the surface area to the ribosome to help in protein synthesis

Nucleus

Contains the genetic material of the cell and

Cytoplasm

Is the jelly-like substance in the cell

Chromosomes

thread like structures (almost like a butterfly) located inside the nucleus of plant and animal cells

Homologous and Nonhomologous Chromosomes

There are two types of chromosomes which include homologous and nonhomologous

Mithrochronida

Power center of the cell, and provides power to the entire cell by synthesizing  the energy currency which is ATP(AdenosineTriPhosphate) with the help of ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

Interphase

The interphase is the preparatory (preparation) phase which consists of three sub phases such as, G1 Phase, S (Synthesis)  Phase, and G2 Phase

M Face

The M face is divided into 4 stages which includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

Karyokinesis

The nucleus membrane divides into 2 nucleases

Cytokinesis

The cytoplasm divides into 2 cells

Meiosis

a type of cell division also considered as reductional division which means  the number of chromosomes in parent cells reduced by half and produce four gametes (the reproductive cells of males and female

Cellular Level Of Organization

If many cells come together they form a tissue which are specialized cells that perform separate functions

Viviparous

Animals that give birth to young ones

Oviparous

Animals that lay eggs

Ovum

eggs

MultiCellular

Organisms that are made up of more than one type of cell

Unicellular

Organisms that are made up of only one type of cell

Smaller Organism

Not as complex body systems and cells do many functions

Higher Organisms

Complex body systems

Asexual Organisms

Organisms that give birth with only 1 parent and their offsprings look exactly like them (Clones)

Pseudopodia

an organism that changes shape to make false feet

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells have no membrane bound organelles and have circular DNA

Eukaryotic Cells

These cells consist of membrane bound organelles

Red Blood Cells

RBC dont have a nucleus or mitochondria because they need space to collect oxygen and nutrients in order to deliver it to every cell in our body

White Blood Cells

Similar to amoeba they can change shape and engulf their prey (viruses) The only difference is that white blood cells are  a single cell but ameba is a complete organism

Nerve cells

Consist of dendrites, axons, and cell bodies

Hometstatis

the ability to sustain a constant condition at a particular time in the cell

Membrane Transport

Cells do transportation either by active (use of ATP or energy) or passive mode (no use of ATP or energy)

Active Transport

When cells utilize the energy for the transportation of particles across the membrane

Passive Transport

When there is no utilization of energy and particles can cross the membrane without any energy

Ion Channels

allows flow of ions in and out the cell

Carrier Proteins

This protein facilitates the movement of particles (any molecule that wants to come in and out the cell)

Receptor Proteins

These receptors present on the proteins helps in cell communication and the proteins are very specific towards their receptor

Linker Protein

These proteins help in cell anchoring either by binding the different proteins of different cells or through their filaments

GlycoProteins

GlycoProteins are the cell identity markers

Antigens

Antigens are foreign particles that can activate our immune system

GlycoLipids

These are also a type of cell identity marker

Solution

mixture of solute and solvent where solute will be present in a lower amount and solvent will be present in a larger amount

Diffusion

a process which takes place in between gases

Osmosis

a process in which molecules of solvents pass through the semi-permeable cell membrane from less concentrated solution to more concentrated solution

Solution Tonicity

measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of the cells by changing the water content

Membrane Transport in Bulk

use of membrane bound vesicles to bring substances in and expel

DNA

  deoxyribonucleic acid located in the nucleus of the cell which is double helix in structure and contains all  the genetic traits in the form of genes, transferred genes from  parents to their offspring (children)