Microbiology Exam 1

Bacteriology

study of bacteria and their role in health, disease, and environment

Virology

study of viruses, replication, and environment

Mycology

study of fungi including yeasts, molds, and infections

Parasitology

study of parasites and their interactions with hosts

Classic Microbiology

identify and classify microbes

Food Microbiology

study of microorganisms affecting food quality and safety

Industrial Microbiology

use of microbes in fermentation and bioprocessing

Environmental Microbiology

study of microorganisms in natural ecosystems

Agricultural Microbiology

study of soil and plant associated microorganisms

Public Health Microbiology

surveilance and control of infectious diseases (control/prevention)

Medical Microbiology

diagnosis and management of infectious diseases (identification/treatment)

Most microbial pathogens are

bacteria

Spontaneous Generation

 living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

Needham

placed broth in a flask, boiled it then sealed it: resulting broth was cloudy and full of microbes causing him to support the spontaneous generation theory 

Spallanazi

placed broth in flask, sealed it then boil it → no microbes were generated causing a refusion of the spontaneous generation theory 

Louis Pasteur

swan neck flask experiments → sealed then boiled (bacteria settled in the neck of the flask and blocked any microbial entrance to the system, disproves spontaneous generation, develops rabies vaccine 

Robert Koch

identified microbes causing anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis, designed standard procedures that linked microbial pathogens to diseases (Koch’s 4 Postulates)

Hooke

published Micrographia and first identified cells 

Leeuwenhoek

 discovered “animacules”

Spallanazi

 attacks spontaneous generation

Metchinikoff

describes phagocytosis

 Winogradsky

studies sulfur and nitrifying bacteria

Beijerinck

 isolates root nodule bacteria

Bergey

first edition of Bergey’s Manual

Griffifth

discovers bacterial transformation

Fleming

discovers penicillin

Watson and Crick

DNA double helix

Jacob and Monad

propose lac operon 

Woese

 divides prokaryotes into bacteria and archaea

Linnaeus

 created taxonomy

Woese and Fox

phylogenetic tree with bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Where did the origin of modern life root from

bacterial branch 

An object must measure to how large to be visible without a microscope

100 μm

Bacon

importance of inductive reasoning is the scientific method

Descartes

“discourse on method”, scientific method disprovability/provability of a claim importance 

Schwann

found similarities between plant and animal tissues; cells are fundamental components of plants and animals

L. Margulis

provided evidence for endosymbiosis origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria

What organism invented photosynthesis

bacteria

Semmelweis

handwashing

Lister

sterilization of surgical equipment

Pasteurization

microbial control using heat on food to kill pathogens and reduce the amount of spoilage microbes on food

Inclusion Bodies

reserves of polysaccharides stored in cytoplasm of cells

Hopanoid

sterol-like molecule in bacteria that stabilize the membrane (bacteriohopanetetrol)

NAG

N-acetylglucoseamine

NAM

N-acetylmuramic acid

Spore

unit of reproduction, creates new life 

Endospore

dormant and tough non-reproductive structure formed in bacteria to withstand harsh environments, strictly gram positive, bacillus, clostridium

tumbling

clockwise rotation of the flagella in order to turn so the cell can reorient

proton motive force

electrochemical gradient of protons across the cell wall

run

counterclockwise rotation forming synchronized bundle to swim straight

capsule

ype of glycocalyx composed of organized layer of polysaccharides (shield and survival)

fimbrae

numerous short hairs for adherence

pili

few for the purpose of DNA transfer

Where is DNA within a cell

nucleus and mitochondria

microbiome

all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms associated with a certain microorganism or environment

metagenome

collective genomic information of an entire microbiome

Resident Microbiota

microorganisms that constantly live in the microbiome

Transient Microbiota

temporary, may be from food poisoning

Agrobacterium

alpha proteobacteria, gram (-) bascillus, plant pathogen A. tumefaciens causes tumpors in plants

Caulobacterium

alpha proteobacteria, gram (-) bacillus, used in studies of cellular adaptation and differentiation

Methylocystis

alpha proteobacteria, gram (-) coccoid or bacilli, nitrogen fixing bacteria

Rhizobium

alpha proteobacteria, gram (-), rectangular bacilli with rounded corners for clusters, nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil that form symbiosis with legume roots

N. gonorrhoeae

beta proteobacteria, genus neisseria, STD gonorrhea

N. memingitides

beta proteobacteria, genus neisseria, bacterial meningitis, difficult to culture (fastifdious)

Bordetella

beta proteobacteria, gram (-) coccobacillus, aerobic, very fastidious, B. pertussis = whopping cough

Leptothrix

beta proteobacteria, gram (-) sheathed filamentous bacillus, aquatic, oxidize iron and manganese (live in waste water treatment plants and pipes)

Thiobacillus

beta proteobacteria, gram (-) bacillus, thermophilic, acidophilic, strictly aerobic, oxidize iron and sulfur