PSYCH 1119 Unravelling Youth Midterm Test

positive youth development who and what

 started by lerner and lerner, it is taking a positive view of some challenges youth may face, focusing on what to emulate instead of just no drugs no skipping type of angle

• Those who benefit from learning would be those working with youth or those around youth (sibling, child, other)

This approach is beneficial because it is more open and developmentally focused, not restrictive

6 C’s from what and what are they

from PYD lerner and lerner, they are competence, confidence, connection, character, caring, and contribution

competence

• Social, cognitive, academic, health, vocational

• Pos view of one’s actions in each area

confidence

Internal sense of overall positive self worth and self efficacy (productivity/effectiveness)

connection

• Pos bonds with people and institutions reflected in exchanges between indv and others in which both parties contribute to the relationship

character

• Respect for societal and cultural norms

• Standards for correct behaviour

• Sense of morality and integrity

caring

• Sense of sympathy and empathy for others

contribution

• To self, family, community, and institutions of civil society

• This one only develops with high levels of the other five present, the sixth C

Lerner adolescence model

PYD focusing on positives about youth instead of the negatives and challenges

Hall adolescence model

storm and stress, overly negative, youth as a turbulent time, not involving youth

youth define and age range

gov of can says those in stage of life between adol and early adulthood, 15-29

early youth

bio: growth spurt, skin voice and body hair changes, body fat more, secondary sex char

cognitive: abstract and logical thinking hypothesis testing, cause effect relationships clearer

social: interest in opposite sex, adjust independence and self reliance

middle youth

bio: secondary sex char cont, androgen secretion more, sexual stimulation more

cognitive: emotional and intellectual capacity more, abstract and logig hypothesis more, autonomous functioning

social: distinctiveness and preferences, peer relationship more important

late youth

bio: mature

cognitive: self identity solid and more self esteem, cognition matches adult

social: plan for future, intimate relationships

psychology

sci study of behaviour and mental process

applied research

theory to practice to solve real world thing

basic research

theory approach, knowledge for funsies

goals of psych

describe, explain, predict, influence

dev psych

sci study of ways people change and stay the same from conception to death lally and valentine french

Baltes principles of youth dev

• lifelong

  • Never stops

• multidirectional

  • Gains and losses

• multidimensional

  • Psychical, cognitive, social, and emotional

• plastic

  • Moldable and changeable

• occurs across multiple contexts

  • Environments 

multidisciplinary 

• Not just psych

puberty physical changes

• Weight gain slows during middle childhood, growth spurts in girls typically earlier in girls than boys

• At seven, brain size of an adult (influenced by nutrition and sleep) but not done actually developing and changing

Gender Affirming Care def, examples, importance

• Age appropriate and medically necessary for those experiencing gender dysphoria

• Nothing permanent happens until a person is old enough to give informed consent

• May be social (name, clothes, hair) when young

• Older may be (medication, surgery)

• Beneficial for trans people but also everyone who may feel disconnect between their appearance (social and physical) and their gender

• Important because it alleviates stress and dysphoria thereby improving their mental and emotional and physical health

normal periods

part of cycle controlled by hormones causing uterine lining to thicken in prep for pregnancy, monthly ish

only person with uterus and ovaries get one

accompanied by symptoms like cramps, soreness, dizziness and fatigue, bowel issues, sensitivity

period poverty define and examples

menstrual product expensive, no info avail,

period positivity define and examples

combat the lack of knowledge and cultural taboo surrounding menstruation

endometriosis

chronic disease affecting 10% of menstruators, tissue lining uterus attacches elsewhere, found in pelvis and other areas, tissue can be inflamed by hormones

painful symptoms and internal scarring affeting body functions

can be surgically removed or medically treated

PCOS-PMOS

polycystic ovary syndrome - polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome

hormone and metabolic condition affecting reproductive, metabolic, emotional, and overall health

ovarian dysfunction, hair loss, blood sugar imbalance resistant to insulin, poor hormone regulation, mental illness, cardiovascular risk, infertility, thyroid dysfunction, androgen excess, skin issues, and more

sci method

theory, hypothesis, research, observation cycle

replication in research

means observation is applicable widely not just in the one cohort or case study or whatev, implies reliabiltiy

ethics in youth research

• Consent is from adults, assent is from youth under age of majority 

• Confidentiality vs responsibility as mandated reporter

• Potential for harm: distress caused? How to mitigate and if the pros outweigh the cons

• Rights based approach, additional considerations for specific minority youths (Canada would be Indg youth)

cohort effects

envi, historical, may not be the age group being studied may just be the one specific one because of factors other than youth

intersectionality in research

overlapping social identities, same cohort effects thing

three research methods

descriptive, correlational, experimental

descriptive research what pro and con

• describes behaviour

  • Methods: Observation (naturalistic or in labs), surveys in conjunction with other pieces of evidence, case studies

• pro complete pic and get to make more questions for omre research

• con not relationship assessment, can be unethical for observation reasons

correlational research what pro and con

• assess relationships between/among two or more variables

  • Careful to make nonexistent connections, not cause and effect, may predict though

• pro test relationships for predictions

• con not causal so can’t inference

experimental research what pro and con

• cause and effect research, change one thing at a time in one group at a time

  • Logistically least likely

• pro draw conc based on cause

• con can’t manipulate much bc ethics, time and expenses

three research designs

longitudinal cross sectional and sequential

longitudinal research what pro and con

• Follow same group over long time

• Developmental analysis

• Hard to fund and attract participants

cross section research what pro and con

• Diff groups at one point in time

• pro is see changes immediately, info on age diff

• con is can’t do change overtime, only one moment in history, cohort diff may be present

sequential research what pro and con

• Both methods, many cohorts at many times

• Time consuming and expensive though

four debates in youth dev

nature v nurture

continuity v discontinuity: grad change or stages

active v passive: youth act on envi or envi act on youth

stability v change: personality change over time or constant?

rates of growth

slow in mid childhood

child up 5-7 lbs and 2in per year

spurts for girls at 9/10

spurts for boys at 11/12

adrenarche

puberty phase one

• Bts before puberty

• Skeleton growing

• 6-8 age

gonadarche

• sex hormones

• Estrogen and testosterone

• Menarche (12-13)

• Spermarche (13-14)

spermarche

first ejaculation

menarche

first period

primary sex characteristics what and ex

relate directly to reproductive capability

penis scrotum

ovary uterus vag clit and labia

secondary sex characteristics what and ex

not directly related to reproductive capabilities

face hair

hips and breasts

hair sweat and gland changes all apply

intersex def and considerations

many conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit typical definitions of binary gender

considerations related to inclusive language and policy implications

precocious puberty def and implications

• Early onset during adrenarche 

• Psychosocial aspects present

• Puberty blockers prescribed in that case, also work as gender affirming care

• Well established/researched

trans youth puberty

stronger feelings of discomfort and anxiety abt growth, gender pressures on young people, gender dysphoria

school and period pain/poverty

attendance and grades may be affected by period pain severity and shame surrounding period poverty possibly being unhygenic or stains etc

biology and culture periods

navaho kinaalda, ceremony for first menstruation, merging nature and culture

• Egalitarian society genderwise

• Each person has masc and fem qualities

• Celebration of women menstruation, entry to womanhood

• Cleansing, grounding ritual with corn

24hr youth guidelines week three

• Recommendations

  • Adult: heavy exercise for 150 min/week with muscle strength 2x/week, many hours of light activity like standing, 7-9 hours of sleep, less than 8 hours of sitting, less than 3 of personal screentime

  • Child/youth: 60 min/day heavy exercise, muscle strength 3x/week, many hours of light physical activity, 9-11 hours of sleep if 5-13 and 8-10 for 14-17, limited long periods of sitting, less than 2 hours of recreational screentime/day

• Similarities: limit sedentary/screentime, get good consistent sleep, have light physical activity a lot

• Differences: children need more activity and more sleep 

balanced diet why

• impacts physical activity, internal processes, and mental/emotional health

• nutrients like vitamin d, calcium, and iron important

Categories NOVA: unprocessed food, processed ingredients, processed food, ultra processed food

ultra processed foods, what and recs

• pretty bad for growth because removes nutrients from food

• recs: limit intake to occassionally instead of constantly

food and teens

Pos relationship for food: involvement with cooking, family dinner time, ask for input on recipes, pos messaging

mississauga and food insecurity vid info

• Stats on obesity: over half adults, 27% of students

• Health not weight/BMI why: unsure, weight bc muscle and fat distribution differs, BMI idk though

• Local partners involved: city, school board, public health unit, 8 80 cities, ophea, brock

• Tower project: more inviting space with colour, accessible, programs offered, people living there feel ownership of it now

• Public space importance: nothing else to do then loitering or turn to less savoury pastimes, find connection

• Youth involvement and success: make connecting easier

• Malton youth hub promo and nutrition: offers free food and cooking class to learn about proper eating

• Food security and program: 50% of fam with child have gone to food bank last year, offers relief economically and involves youth in planning healthy diet

lack of sleep effects

• Sleep importance: learning, memory consolidation, emotional processing

• Why no sleep: public policy, early school start time

• Internal clock at puberty: delay awake time

• Hormone for sleep: melatonin

  • Peak activity teens: 11pm and onward

• Strats for sleep deprivation teens: caffeine

• Neg impacts of sleep deficit in teens: attention deficit issues, mental health issues, obesity, diabetes, heart disease

• Impact of later start time: more attendance, drop out less likely, better academically, happier, healthier, car crashes down

brain structures

PFC, limbic system, and corpus callosum

pre frontal cortex

• executive function, no tantrums, delayed gratification, predictions, attention, problem solving, filter behaviour, balancing info

limbic system

• Cut brain in half

• Regulates emotion, temp, and more

• Dramatic change and growth in youth

• Brain structure

• Develops back to front

• Amygdala: emotion regulation, guard dog, vigilance and gut feelings 

• Hippocampus: learning and memory

corpus callosum

• Part of limbic system 

• Left and right hemisphere comm

• Bundle of fibres which strengthens which age

• Maturation and growth in adolescence

• Coordination and integration of brain activity

• self regulation here esp

risk taking and the brain

youth more risk oriented because striatum dev learning from the envi and learning boundaries

adolescent brains

more primed for risk and plasticity, technically adult size but PFC needs more developing

brain nutritional needs

micro and macro nutrients, ultra processed for dopamine sometimes

brain sleep needs

7 to 9 hours a night regularly, consistent bed and wake time

body image

related to physical change, indv perception and satisfaction changes

UV exposure

youth invulnerability

example of knowledge and risk taking behaviours

critical period for brain

• limited windows where experiences have lasting effects on brain func and behaviour

• first in early childhood for sensory, motor, and language skills

• second adol where restructuring happens

sensitive period for brain

dev period where experiences have strong impact on brain organization, consequences not as strong

not specfic period, just during childhood and youth as a whole

brain maturation influences

heredity, hormones, status, surgery, sleep, nutrition, pre and post natal, pharmacotherapy, drug use, age

neurons

• Brain creates reality = perception

• Diff types exist, some sensory

• all work together 

• Parts 

  • Cell body (soma)

  • Nucleus: familiar

  • Cell membrane: separates cell from surroundings

  • Dendrites: receive messages

  • Axon: 

  • Oligodendrocyte 

  • Node of ranvier

  • Myelin sheath: sausages so neurons comm effectively

    • Myelination: body needs fat to create myelin  

    • When not there, it’s slower

  • Synapses: 

    • Synaptogenesis: forming connection between neurons

    • Synaptic pruning: neural connections reduced, those that are used made stronger as result

    • Parallel processes

• electrochemical process overall

myelination

sausage things in neuron near synapses, body needs fat to create mylein, means faster neuron communication equals faster thinking and action

synaptogenesis

forming connections between neurons

pruning brain

neural connections reduced, those present therefore stronger

plasticity vs efficiency paradox

tradeoff by hoove and martinez

either open mindset but slower or faster but more set mindset

brain structure and function changes

limbic system inner and cortex outer(PFC, occiptal, temporal, parietal)

executive function: planning, regulation, balance, predicting, organizing, problem solving, impulse control, etc

what is cognition

• our thoughts, memories, and morals aka how we think

• component of the mind

piaget theory and criticism

constructivist, stage theory (discontinuity) for schemata to help understand world

• Happens through assimilation and accommodation 

• Assim: when something new there, incorporate it into existing schemata or make a change

• Accommodate: make new category or adjust existing one

• Four stages everyone goes through 

• Criticism of his work: limits in methodology, underestimates culture role, development not set stages like he proposes

piaget methods

observation and experimentation

piaget stages

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

sensorimotor stage

• 0-2yrs

• Has six substages

• Explore world with mouth and senses

• Mental representations start with symbols and labels

• Marked by object permanence then move on to next stage

  • Can’t see it but still exists

  • May lead to separation anxiety

pre operational

• 2-7yrs

• Has two substages

• Pretend games way to strengthen schemata

• Ego centric in thinking and behaviour

• Centration: focus on single aspects in other tasks, can’t multitask

• Errors in conservation

• Theory of mind achieved then move to next stage

  • By Wellman et al

  • Our reality is not shared

  • Building block for social and empathy

  • Start of lying because they realize reality is not the same for all

concrete operational

• 7-11

• Inductive reasoning and classification, reversibility, and conservation

• Children need to see it, math is visual and kinetic 

• Cannot represent it mentally yet

formal operational and thought types

• Abstract thinking and hypothetical deductive reasoning

• Bottom up reasoning and top down reasoning 

• Intuitive thought is automatic, unconscious, and fast felt more as emotional at this point

• Analytic thought deliberate conscious and rational

• Adolescents likely to engage in relativistic thinking: question others assertion and less likely to accept info as absolute truth

• Context matters for reasoning!

• Stress, trauma, emotions can result in amygdala hijinks

• Hot (spontaneous) and cold (detached) environments 

  • Apply in sexual education 

  • Legal implication in decision making

mental health def

state of mental well being enabling people to cope with stresses, realize their abilities, learn well, and contribute to community,

intrinsic and instrumental value

stigma def and types

negative attitudes and beliefs about group due to circumstances in life, includes discrimination, prejudice, judging, labelling, isolating, and stereotyping

self, social, structural

social stigma

discourse surrounding mental health, larger circle

structural stigma

•  barriers encountered by those with mental health issues and substance abuse struggles (school, treatment, housing, healthcare)

self stigma

internalizing labels, character weakness, incompetence, perpetuates shame and barrier to treatment

person first language what and ex

putting person in front of whatever for neutrality and humanization

ex: person with mental health condition, not insane/mentally ill

identity first language what and ex

putting identifier before person, sometimes preferred

ex: alcoholics referring to themselves as such, autistic people as well

psych disorders

patterns of behaviour or mental processes that relate to emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning

characteristics of psych disorders

• Unusual behaviour

• Perception off

• Off emotional response

• Dysfunctional behaviour

• Harm to self or others

• Socially unacceptable behaviour

• Dangerous behaviour

substance use disorders

• type of mental health condition, associated with continued use of substances despite substance related problems, distress, and/or impairment, such as impaired control and risky use

  • On continuum 

  • Maintained through mechanisms such as withdrawal, tolerance, physiological, and psychological dependence

DSM-5 is what from where

diagnostic and statistics manual version 5 released by the american psychiatric association

concurrent disorders

person has both mental illness and substance use disorder

youth more mental health issues phenomenon

1/5 by age 18, first onset around puberty

biopsychosocial approach

holistic view of mental health, intersectional approach