***DH209 Midterm Guide Chapter 1-8 & 18 from past quizzes

Each daily reference value (DRV) is correct, except one. Which is the exception?

• Sodium: <2400 mg

• Total fat: <65 g

• Protein: 50 g

• Carbohydrate: 300g

• Fiber: 50 g

• Fiber: 50 g

Each has cariostatic properties, except one. Which is the exception?

• Cheese

• Meat

• Eggs

• Instant oatmeal

• Seafood

• Instant oatmeal

Some food components can provide protection to teeth by decreasing demineralization, enhancing the remineralization process, or increasing salivary flow, even in the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. Eggs, cheese, seafood, meat, nuts, seeds, margarine, and oils are examples of potentially cariostatic foods. Alternatively, processed foods such as instant oatmeal are often more fermentable than their nonprocessed counterparts because of partial hydrolysis or diminution of particle size. Dental hygienists can help parents understand that when starches and simple carbohydrates are combined (as in pastries or sugar-coated cereals), their potential to produce caries is equal to or greater than that of sucrose.

Each has the potential to initiate demineralization, except one. Which is the exception?

• Lactobacillus

• Plaque biofilms

• Casein

• Streptococcus mutans

• Casein

• Casein, the principal protein in milk, as well as phosphorus and calcium are ingredients in cariogenic or even cariostatic foods such as cheese and milk. Streptococcus mutans is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spherical bacterium that is widely implicated in initiation of dental caries. Other microorganisms, such as bacteria from other mutans streptococci and the Lactobacillus species are capable of initiating dental caries through their fermentation of carbohydrates. These organisms thrive in an acidic environment.

Which set of guidelines is intended to assess population groups, not individuals?

• Old recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)

• Estimated average requirement (EAR)

• New recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)

• Tolerable upper intake level (UL)

• Estimated average requirement (EAR)

Estimated average requirement (EAR) The estimated average requirement (EAR) is the amount of a nutrient that is estimated to meet the needs of half of the healthy individuals in a specific age and gender group. This set of values is useful in assessing nutrient adequacy or planning intakes of population groups, not individuals.

Each is true of dietary considerations from the milk and milk product groups, except one. Which is the exception?

• Children 2 to 3 years of age need 2 cups of milk daily.

• Whole milk and many cheeses are high in unsaturated fat.

• Many milk substitutes are not fortified with vitamin D.

• Fortified milk products are important sources of vitamin D.

• Whole milk and many cheeses are high in unsaturated fat.

Whole milk and many cheeses are high in saturated fat and can have negative health consequences. Low-fat or fat-free milk products provide little or no fat and should be chosen most often to avoid consuming more kilocalories than needed.

Each is true of genetically modified (GM) foods, except one. Which is the exception?

• One main concern of GM foods is their potential to provoke allergic reactions.

• No studies on GM food safety have tracked the long-term effect GMOs may have.

• Newly created GM foods are subject to FDA regulations.

• Altering the genetic makeup of plants and animals has been very controversial.

• GM foods are modified in the laboratory and marketed to speed growth, resist disease, and improve nutritional quality.

• No studies on GM food safety have tracked the long-term effects GMOs may have.

Although the FDA evaluates whether a new plant is safe to eat, they consider GM foods substantially equivalent to unmodified, “natural” foods. This means that GM foods are not subject to FDA regulations. Companies who create new GM foods are not required to consult the FDA, nor are they required to follow any recommendation made by the FDA. Note that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) evaluates GM plants for environmental safety. Another agency, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, evaluates whether the plant is safe to grow.

Which are major factors in the dental caries process? (Select all that apply.)

• Income

• Depth of the natural anatomic pits and fissures

• Chlorhexidine use

• Overlapping and crowded teeth

• Race or ethnic origin

• Income

• Depth of the natural anatomic pits and fissures

• Overlapping and crowded teeth

• Race or ethnic origin

Malnutrition in developing countries is a consequence of each, except one. Which is the exception?

• Losses during crop processing

• Increased beta-carotene in rice

• Overreliance on a single primary food source

• Extreme loss of certain vitamins in staple foods

• Increased beta-carotene in rice

Malnutrition in developing countries is a consequence of a dearth (extreme loss) of certain vitamins in staple foods, losses during crop processing, and overreliance on a single primary food source. Genetic modification of agricultural crops is addressing this world concern. A successful example is Golden Rice, which is genetically modified to improve the vitamin A status of young children in developing countries by effectively converting beta-carotene into vitamin A.

Which is NOT a macronutrient?

• Vitamins

• Fat

• Polyunsaturated fatty acids

• Carbohydrate

• Protein

• Vitamins

Which accurately describes the cariogenic potential of foods, habits, and digestion? (Select all that apply.)

• Fresh fruits are highly cariogenic.

• Slow oral clearance of a fermentable carbohydrate prolongs the exposure of a tooth to oral acids.

• Fruit juice can cause dental caries in toddlers.

• Sharing eating utensils with another person can transmit Streptococcus mutans.

• An acidic saliva, measured by a high pH level, protects teeth from decay.

• Slow oral clearance of a fermentable carbohydrate prolongs the exposure of a tooth to oral acids.

• Fruit juice can cause dental caries in toddlers.

• Sharing eating utensils with another person can transmit Streptococcus mutans.

Salivary flow is stimulated the most by foods rich in:

• protein.

• vitamin D.

• fiber.

• calcium.

• fiber.

Magnesium is NOT a principal nutrient in which food group?

• Dairy

• Fruit

• Grain

• Vegetable

• Fruit

Which is NOT a classification of carbohydrate?

• Monosaccharides

• Polysaccharides

• Triglycerides

• Disaccharides

• Triglycerides

Primary bacteria involved in initiation of dental caries are:

• Listeria and Botulinum species and Escherichia coli.

• Salmonella and Listeria species.

• Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Salmonella species.

• Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species.

• Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species.

Which ingredients are anticariogenic? (Select all that apply.)

• Xylitol

• Fluoride

• Glycyrrhiza

• Vitamin waters

• Chlorhexidine

• Xylitol

• Fluoride

• Glycyrrhiza

• Chlorhexidine

In metabolism, energy is extracted from glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and converted to carbon dioxide (CO₂) by which chemical reaction?

• Condensation

• Hydrolysis

• Reduction

• Oxidation

• Oxidation

Which food selection has the most fermentable carbohydrate?

• Sodas

• Ice-cream

• Cakes

• Candy

• Cookies

• Sodas

Which statement regarding obesity is false?

• Hypertension, osteoarthritis, and elevated blood cholesterol accompany obesity.

• Larger waist measurements are associated with increased health risks.

• During the past 20 years, the heaviest body mass index groups have been increasing at the fastest rates.

• Statistics are more promising for ethnic groups because prevalence is less than in white Americans.

• The prevalence of obesity is showing signs of leveling off.

• Statistics are more promising for ethnic groups because prevalence is less than in white Americans.

Each is true of lipids, except one. Which is the exception?

• The catabolism of lipids is a major source of energy for the body.

• Lipids can be stored in adipose tissue in unlimited amounts.

• The hydrous nature of lipids make them retain water.

• Lipids can by oxidized to produce more energy than carbohydrates or proteins.

• The hydrous nature of lipids make them retain water.

The biological function that plants use to make the carbohydrate animals can use for energy and oxygen is called:

• condensation.

• oxidation-reduction.

• photosynthesis.

• hydrolysis.

• photosynthesis.

Which is the least significant factor influencing development of dental caries?

• Susceptibility of the host or tooth

• A sufficient quantity of cariogenic microorganisms in the mouth

• The presence of fermentable carbohydrates

• Gender of the host

• Gender of the host

Each applies to the Caries Management by Risk Assessment, except one. Which is the exception?

• This protocol is used to determine preventive and therapeutic goals for children and adults.

• The first step identifies disease risk indicators as well as caries protective factors.

• The color-coded risk form can be used as a tool to educate the patient.

• Caries Management by Risk Assessment is approved by the Vipeholm study.

• The second step creates and implements a treatment plan based on risk outcome.

• Caries Management by Risk Assessment is approved by the Vipeholm study.

Which nutrient is the most important?

• Water

• Protein

• Minerals

• Carbohydrate

• Water

Which is NOT commonly associated with bariatric surgery?

• Greater and sustained weight loss than conventional methods

• Reduced incidence of diabetes

• A shorter life span

• Reduced incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease

• A shorter life span

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are formed by inserting lab-manufactured DNA into a plant, animal, or microorganism. The first genetically modified (GM) food, introduced in the mid-1990s, was the herbicide-resistant soybean.

• Both statements are false.

• The first statement is false; the second is true.

• Both statements are true.

• The first statement is true; the second is false.

• The first statement is false; the second is true.

Which food would be least beneficial for an individual wanting to restrict both plaque acid and fat intake?

• Eggs

• American cheese

• Poultry

• Seafood

• American cheese

Which accurately describe aspects of genetically modified foods? (Select all that apply.)

• Foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals may be introduced in the near future.

• Developing countries are planting GM crops at a more rapid rate than rich countries.

• Highly processed foods contain a low percentage of GM ingredients.

• The United States is the leading producer of genetically modified (GM) foods.

• A high percentage of fresh fruits and vegetables are GM.

• Foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals may be introduced in the near future

• Developing countries are planting GM crops at a more rapid rate than rich countries

• The United States is the leading producer of genetically modified foods

Which is the sweetest monosaccharide?

• Fructose

• Glucose

• Dextrose

• Galactose

• Fructose

Each of the following are enzymes which break down disaccharides except one. Which is the exception?

• Lactase

• Sucrase

• Maltase

• Amylose

• Amylose

Extremely low carbohydrate diets may lead to:

• Ketosis

• Lipogenesis

• Hyperglycemia

• Cellulose

• Ketosis

Each of the following are body parts that make up the alimentary canal except one. Which is the exception?

• Liver

• Small Intestine

• Large Intestine

• Esophagus

• Oral Cavity

• Liver

The acute form of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) seen in many underdeveloped countries, which is associated with edema, is known as what?

• Wasting-Away

• Marasmus

• Kwashiorkor

• Sarcopenia

• Kwashiorkor

How many indispensable (essential) amino acids are there?

• 9

• 11

• 8

• 6

• 9

Maltase breaks down maltose into 2 molecules of glucose.

• True

• False

• True

Peristalsis is defined as:

• Persistent, abnormal distortion of taste

• Voluntary rhythmic waves of contraction traveling the length of the GI tract

• Involuntary rhythmic waves of contraction traveling the length of the GI tract

• Door-like mechanisms between the digestive segments

• Involuntary rhythmic waves of contraction traveling the length of the GI tract

When both protein and kilocalories are deficient in an infant’s diet the condition is known as:

• Marasmus

• NUG

• Phenylketonuria (PKU)

• Kwashiorkor

• Marasmus

If one essential amino acid is missing what happens?

nothing

Bioavailability stops

sarcopenia

protein synthesis stops

protein synthesis stops

Which food sources make up complete proteins (high quality proteins)? Select all that apply.

• Beans

• Eggs

• Fish

• Milk

• Vegetables

• Eggs

• Fish

• Milk

Which nitrogen balance would a child with PEM have?

• Negative

• Positive

• Neutral

• Negative

Majority of food absorption occurs in the:

• Kidney’s

• Large Intestine

• Small Intestine

• Stomach

• Small Intestine

A taste bud consists of approximately how many cells?

• 50-150

• 100-250

• 50-250

• 75-150

• 50-150

All of the following are classifications of carbohydrates except one. Which is the exception?

• Disaccharides

• Triglycerides

• Polysaccharides

• Monosaccharides

• Triglycerides

What percentage of all snack foods contain fermentable carbohydrates?

• 95%

• 85%

• 90%

• 80%

• 90%

What is the carbohydrate storage form of energy is humans?

• Amylopectin

• Glucose

• Glycogen

• Glycogen

The process by which large molecules are split into smaller ones that are water soluble is called:

• Osmosis

• Hydrophilic

• Symbiotics

• Hydrolysis

• Hydrolysis

Which is the enzyme that facilitates starch digestion?

• Lactase

• Salivary Amylase

• Maltase

• Sucrase

• Salivary Amylase

What fuel does the brain use primarily?

• Sucrose

• Glycerol

• Galactose

• Glucose

• Glucose

Which is the term used to describe the swallowed mass of food?

• Bolus

• Villi

• Ageusia

• Chyme

• Bolus

Which of the following is the major source of energy for people since the dawn of time?

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Meats

• Carbohydrates

What percentage of calories should come from proteins?

• 45% - 65%

• 10% - 35%

• 20% - 35%

• 45% - 50%

• 10% - 35%

Select all of the following groups who are at risk for under-consumption of protein:

• Elderly

• Low Income

• Cancer Patients

• Vegetarians

• Elderly

• Low Income

• Cancer Patients

• Vegetarians

Which of the following are monosaccharides? Select all that apply.

• Maltose

• Galactose

• Glucose

• Fructose

• Lactose

• Sucrose

• Galactose

• Glucose

• Fructose

What should someone who has phenylketonuria (PKU) avoid?

• Aspartame

• Mannitol

• Sorbitol

• Xylitol

• Aspartame

In someone with Celiac Disease, which of the following is damaged?

• Microflora

• Villi

• Microvilli

• Submucosa

• Villi

The main function of the large intestine is to:

• digest food

• absorb water and electrolytes

• store bile

• absorb nutrients that made it past the small intestine

• absorb water and electrolytes

What is the average protein intake for women daily?

• 30 g

• 46 g

• 56 g

• 50 g

• 46 g

Which vitamin functions primarily as an antioxidant protecting cell membranes?

 

Vitamin C

 

Vitamin D

 

Vitamin A

 

Vitamin E

Vitamin E

Vitamin E functions as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cell membranes and fatty acids from oxidative damage.

Which organ plays the primary regulatory role in controlling nutrient levels in the bloodstream?

• Spleen

• Heart

• Liver

• Pancreas

• Liver

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat in adults?

• 10–20%

• 35–50%

• 20–35%

• 45–65%

• 20–35%

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommends that 20–35% of daily calories come from fat for adults.
Carbohydrates = 45–65%; Proteins = 10–35%; Fats = 20–35%.

The primary energy currency used by cells is:

• DNA

• ATP

• RNA

• NADH

• ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy molecule used by cells to perform work.

Which vitamin enhances calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine?

• Vitamin D

• Vitamin K

• Vitamin E

• Vitamin A

Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which is critical for bone and tooth mineralization.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) refers to:

• Energy needed for physical activity

• Energy required for vital functions at rest

• Energy required to digest food

• Energy used during exercise

• Energy required for vital functions at rest

Basal metabolic rate represents the minimum energy needed to sustain life, including breathing, circulation, and body temperature regulation.

A triglyceride molecule is composed of:

• Three glycerol molecules

• Two fatty acids and two glycerols

• One fatty acid and three glycerols

• One glycerol and three fatty acids

• One glycerol and three fatty acids

A triglyceride molecule consists of one glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids, forming the most common dietary lipid.

Severe deficiency of vitamin C leads to:

• Scurvy

• Beriberi

• Osteomalacia

• Rickets

Severe vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, poor wound healing, and weakened connective tissue.

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

• Glucagon

• Insulin

• Epinephrine

• Cortisol

Insulin is released by the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels by allowing cells to take in glucose.

Which factor has the greatest influence on an individual's BMR?

 

Lean body mass

 

Weather conditions

 

Sleep patterns

 

Age

Lean body mass

Lean body mass is the strongest predictor of BMR, because muscle tissue requires more energy to maintain than fat.

When caloric intake equals energy expenditure, the body is in:

 

Energy deficit

 

Catabolic balance

 

Metabolic disorder

 

Energy balance

Energy balance: occurs when calories consumed equal calories expended, helping maintain stable body weight.

Vitamin K is essential for:

 

Collagen synthesis

 

Calcium absorption

 

Vision

 

Blood clotting

Blood clotting

Vitamin K is essential for producing clotting factors, helping the blood clot properly.

Saturated fatty acids are characterized by:

 

Multiple double bonds

 

Having no hydrogen atoms

 

Being liquid at room temperature

 

Only single carbon bonds

Only single carbon bonds

Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, meaning they hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

Which lipoprotein is associated with plaque buildup in arteries?

 

LDL

 

Lecithin

 

HDL

 

Chylomicrons

LDL

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is known as “bad cholesterol” because high levels contribute to plaque buildup in arteries and increased cardiovascular risk. LDL = Lousy = Bad

Which metabolic process converts glucose into fat?

 

Lipolysis

 

Oxidation

 

Lipogenesis

 

Glycogenolysis

Lipogenesis: is the conversion of excess glucose into fat for storage.

Which compound lipid is important in the transport and absorption of fats in the blood?

 

Glycolipids

 

Sterols

 

Amino acids

 

Phospholipids

Phospholipids are compound lipids that help transport fats in the blood and assist with cell membrane structure.

The rate at which blood glucose rises after consuming carbohydrates is called the:

 

Glycemic index

 

Glycogenesis rate

 

Metabolic index

 

Catabolic rate

The glycemic index measures how quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood glucose levels.

Which fatty acids must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize them?

 

Trans fatty acids

 

Saturated fatty acids

 

Sterols

 

Essential fatty acids

Essential fatty acids (such as omega-3 and omega-6) cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.

Vitamin C plays a major role in the synthesis of:

 

Lipids

 

Glycogen

 

Hemoglobin

 

Collagen

Vitamin C is necessary for collagen synthesis, which supports connective tissue, wound healing, and healthy gums.

Lipolysis refers to:

 

The synthesis of carbohydrates

 

The breakdown of fats

 

The storage of fat

 

The digestion of proteins

The breakdown of fats

Lipolysis is the metabolic process that breaks down stored fat into fatty acids for energy.

Prefix - "lipo-" = fats (lipids)

Suffix - "-lysis" = dissolve or break down

Metabolism refers to:

 

Only the breakdown of nutrients

 

All chemical reactions occurring in the body

 

Digestion of carbohydrates only

 

Only the synthesis of nutrients

All chemical reactions occurring in the body

Metabolism refers to all chemical processes that convert nutrients into energy, body structures, and waste products.

Omega-3 fatty acids are commonly found in:

 

Red meat

 

Processed snacks

 

Butter

 

Fatty fish

Fatty fish like salmon, sardines, and tuna are excellent sources of omega-3 fatty acids, which support heart health.

The Krebs cycle primarily functions to:

 

Break down vitamins

 

Produce usable cellular energy

 

Form cholesterol

 

Store fat

Produce usable cellular energy

The Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) converts nutrients into usable energy for the cell in the form of ATP.

Night blindness is commonly associated with deficiency of:

 

Vitamin E

 

Vitamin A

 

Vitamin C

 

Vitamin D

Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, which is difficulty seeing in dim light.

The metabolic process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones is called:

 

Hydrolysis

 

Anabolism

 

Oxidation

 

Catabolism

Anabolism = Add = Build

Catabolism = Crush = Breakdown

Which type of fatty acid contains one double bond?

 

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

 

Trans fatty acid

 

Monounsaturated fatty acid

 

Saturated fatty acid

Monounsaturated fatty acids contain one double bond in the carbon chain. Mono = one

Which macronutrient provides the greatest amount of energy per gram?

 

Carbohydrate

 

Protein

 

Fat

 

Alcohol

Fat provides 9 kcal per gram, which is more energy than carbohydrates or proteins (both provide 4 kcal/g).

Which vitamin is essential for vision in dim light?

 

Vitamin K

 

Vitamin C

 

Vitamin E

 

Vitamin A

Vitamin A supports vision, especially in low-light conditions, through the production of rhodopsin in the retina.