Project Managing in Computing Week 9 (finals)

what is quality

degree to which set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements

what is project quality management and its processes

ensures project will satisfy needs for which it was undertaken for

planning quality: identifying which quality standards are relevant to project and how to satisfy them

performing quality assurance: periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure project will satisfy standards

performing quality control: monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with standards

what is quality planning

implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions to bring about the desired outcome

what are the 3 most important ways to prevent defects

1. selecting proper materials

2. training and indoctrinating people in quality

3. planning process that ensures appropriate outcome

what is design of experiments

quality planning technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on overall outcome of process

what is the scope aspects of IT projects that affect quality

1. Functionality

2. Features

3. System outputs

4. performance

5. reliability

6. maintainability

what is quality assurance

includes all activities related to satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project

what is benchmarking

generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or characteristics to other projects within or outside the organization

what is quality audit

structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects

what are the main outputs of quality control

1. acceptance decisions

2. rework

3. process adjustments

what are the 7 basic tools of quality

1. Cause-and-effect diagrams

2. Control chart

3. Run chart

4. Scatter diagram

5. Histogram

6. Pareto Chart

7. Flowcharts

what are the diagrams (cause-and-effect, scatter & histogram) from the basic tools of quality

cause-and-effect diagram: trace complaints about quality problems back to production, helps find root cause of problem, AKA fishbone or Ishikawa diagrams

scatter diagram: helps to show if there is relationship between two variables

histogram: bar graph of distribution of variables

what are the charts (control, run, pareto & flow charts) from the basic tools of quality

Control chart: graphic display of data that illustrates results of process overtime

Run chart: displays history and pattern of variation of process overtime

pareto chart: type of histogram that helps identifying and prioritizing problem areas

flowcharts: graphic displays of logic and flow of processes that help analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved, shows activities, decision points, and order of information processed

what is the seven run rule

states that if seven data points in a row are all below, above or all increasing or decreasing the mean, then process needs to be examined for non-random problems

what is statistical sampling

involves choosing part of population of interest for inspection

what is six sigma

stands for standard deviation, comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success. uniquely driven by customer needs, disciplined facts, data, stats, attention to managing, improving, and reinventing business processes.

what is DMAIC

systematic, closed-loop process for continued improvement that is scientific and fact that stands for

1. Define

2. Measure

3. Analyze

4. Improve

5. Control

How is six sigma quality control unique

1. requires organization-wide commitment

2. training follows belt system

3. has the ability and willingness to adopt contrary objectives such as reducing errors and getting things done faster

what is the six 9s of quality

measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities

what are the 4 types of testing

1. unit testing: test each individual component to ensure it is defect-free

2. integration testing: occurs between unit and system testing to test grouped components

3. system testing: tests entire system as one entity

4. user acceptance testing: independent test performed by end users prior to accepting delivered system

what is the modern quality management

1. requires customer satisfaction

2. prefers prevention to inspection

3. recognizes management responsibility for quality

what are the top suggestions to improve quality for IT projects

1. establish leadership that promotes quality

2. understand cost of quality

3. focus on organizational influences and workplace factors that affect quality

4. follow maturity models

what is cost of quality

cost of conformance (delivering required products) plus cost of nonconformance (taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations)

what are the five major cost categories related to quality

1. prevention cost: cost of planning and executing project so it is error-free or acceptable error range

2. appraisal cost: cost of evaluating processes and their output to ensure quality

3. internal failure cost: cost incurred to correct defect before customer receives product

4. external failure cost: cost that relates to all errors not corrected before delivery to customer

5. measurement and test equipment costs: capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities

what is maturity models

frameworks for helping organization improve processes and system

what is software quality function deployment model

focuses on defining user requirements and planning software projects

what is capability maturity model integration (CMMI) and its levels from lowest to highest

process improvement approach that provides organizations with essential elements of effective processes

Incomplete > performed > managed > defined > quantitatively managed > optimized