Comprehensive Guide to E-Commerce, DSS, and SDLC Concepts

Nonprogrammed Decision

A decision dealing with unusual, exceptional, or unique situations that are not easily quantifiable.

Planned Projects

System development projects identified by an information systems strategic plan.

e-Commerce

The conducting of business activities electronically over computer networks such as the Internet, extranets, and corporate networks.

m-Commerce

Business activities and electronic commerce conducted using wireless mobile devices.

Business-to-Business (B2B)

A subset of e-commerce where all the participants are organizations.

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

A form of e-commerce in which customers deal directly with an organization, avoiding intermediaries.

Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)

A subset of e-commerce that involves consumers selling directly to other consumers.

e-Government

The use of information and communications technology to simplify the sharing of information and improve relationships between citizens and the government.

Government-to-Consumer (G2C)

Applications used by citizens to submit taxes online, renew licenses, or apply for student loans.

Government-to-Business (G2B)

Applications supporting government procurement offices purchasing from private industry.

Government-to-Government (G2G)

Applications dealing with information sharing directly between different government agencies.

Phishing

A practice that entails sending bogus messages purportedly from a legitimate institution to pry personal information from customers.

Click Fraud

A problem arising in a pay-per-click online advertising environment where additional clicks are generated beyond those from actual users.

Theft of Intellectual Property

The unauthorized acquisition of works of the mind owned or created by a single entity.

Digital Divide

A term describing the difference between people who do and do not have access to high-quality, modern ICT.

Decision-Making Phase

A core component of problem-solving consisting of three sequential stages: Intelligence, Design, and Choice.

Problem-Solving

A broader process that includes and goes beyond decision-making by incorporating execution and evaluation.

Programmed Decision

A decision made using a rule, procedure, or quantitative method.

Optimization Model

A model that finds the absolute best solution to help the organization meet its goals.

Satisficing Model

A model that finds a good, acceptable solution, but not necessarily the absolute best one.

Heuristics

Commonly accepted guidelines, rules of thumb, or procedures that usually find a good solution.

Decision Support System (DSS)

An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to help make decisions.

Ad hoc DSS

A DSS concerned with unique situations or decisions that come up only a few times.

Institutional DSS

A DSS designed to handle routine situations or decisions that occur repeatedly over time.

Data-driven DSS

A DSS that performs qualitative analysis based primarily on the company's databases.

Model-driven DSS

A DSS that performs mathematical or quantitative analysis using formulas or simulation models.

Dialogue Manager

The component of a DSS that allows decision makers to easily access and manipulate the system.

Group Support System (GSS)

Consists of most elements in a DSS, plus software to provide effective support in group decision-making scenarios.

Executive Support System (ESS)

A specialized DSS that assists senior-level executives with strategic planning and crisis management.

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

The factoring of the lifetime of an information system into two overarching stages: development and operation.

Unplanned Projects

Projects triggered by a specific problem, opportunity, or directive arising during regular business operations.

Backlog

A repository of project proposals that cannot be funded or staffed.

Problem

An actual, undesirable situation that prevents an organization from fully achieving its purpose.

Opportunity

A chance to improve the organization even in the absence of an identified problem.

Directive

A new requirement imposed on the organization by management or external influences.

System Owners

The information system's sponsors and executive advocates responsible for project funding.

System Users

Individuals who use or are affected by the information system on a regular basis.

System Designers

Professionals who translate system users' business requirements into technical solutions.

System Builders

Individuals who construct, code, or assemble the actual physical components of the information system.

Systems Analysts

The facilitators of the systems development project who study the problems and needs of an organization.

Scope Definition Phase

Establishes what business problem needs solving.

Problem Analysis Phase

Identifies what system issues exist regarding info/data, processes, and communications/interfaces.

Requirement Analysis Phase

Identifies and documents what user needs must be met.

Logical Design

Creates a conceptual model of what the system must do.

Decision Analysis Phase

Determines what solution or architecture is best.

Design Phase

Generates the physical model detailing how IT can do the work.

Construction Phase

The phase where developers actually build the system.

Implementation Phase

Delivers the finalized system to the organization for active operation.

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